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“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK

“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK. The façade at Canterbury Cathedral: Dedicated to those who died for their faith. Civil Rights 1954-1965. Worksheet on Events prior to 1950 Time Magazine on Brown Decision

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“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK

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  1. “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK

  2. The façade at Canterbury Cathedral:Dedicated to those who died for their faith

  3. Civil Rights1954-1965 Worksheet on Events prior to 1950 Time Magazine on Brown Decision Power point as overviewwith notes Handout of terms and names to know Film: Eyes on the Prize Significantlegislation and court cases Documents: Photos and Cartoons STAAR: Whatyouneed to know

  4. “Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will.” MLK

  5. Can one person make a difference?

  6. FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech-- January 6, 1941 ‘‘We look forward to a world foundedupon four essential freedoms. The first isfreedom of speech and expression… The second isfreedom of a person to worshipGod in hisownway… The thirdisfreedomfromwant… The fourthisfreedomfromfear…’’

  7. Civil Rights Ideas • Will of the individual vs. the collective will of the state • Can laws change attitudes? • Can morality be legislated? • Is it the job of the federal government to force change upon a collective culture? • How can we enforce a “new morality”? • States rights vs. the strong federal government (Civil War and Civil Rights—1860 vs. 1960)

  8. I. Introduction to Civil Rights: WWII • AfricanAmericansserved as officers in the segregatedmilitary • The defenseindustrywas de-segregated by executiveorder (inspired by A. Philip Randolph) • The G.I. Bill helpedreturning soldiers enter the middle class • The Nuremberg Lawsweretoo similar to Jim Crow Laws of segregation

  9. II. VotingRightswerecurbedsince Reconstruction, 1877-1965 (calleddisenfranchisement): • PollTax • Grandfather Clause • Intimidation by KKK • Literacy Tests (youtryit!) • Gerrymandering (re-drawingCongressional districts)

  10. III. Segregationwasstillenforced by Jim Crow Lawsregarding: • Schools (supported by Plessy case of 1896 and overturned by Brown case of 1954) • Public transportation • Restaurants (‘lunch counters’) • Shopping facilities • Entertainment • Hotels • Water fountains and restrooms • Neighborhoods • Intermarriagelaws (‘miscegenation’)

  11. Twokinds of segregation • De jure—segregation by law • De facto—segregation by practice or custom

  12. IV. Some Civil Rightssuccesses • Great migration and rise of black middle class • Black universities • NAACP • Harlem Renaissance • New Deal programs • Music industry • Jesse Owen—Olympian • Jackie Robinson--Baseball

  13. And… • Truman’sExecutiveOrder 9981 desegregating the army and federalgovernment--1947 (Response of the ‘Dixiecrats’ split the Democratic Party in the Election of 1948-Truman still won)

  14. V. How to fightsegregation? • Thoreau’sideas of Civil Disobedience (passive resistance and strategy of non-violence) • Used by Gandhi for independence of Indiaafter WWII • Used by King and others…

  15. Note: Civil Rights issues addressed by the three branches of government • Executive—the enforcement and executive orders • Legislative—new laws • Judicial—interpretation of the Constitution and lower laws

  16. Civil Rights patterns… • One step forward and • Two steps backward…

  17. VI. Organizations • NAACP--Litigation • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)--boycotts • Students Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)—sit-ins • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)—Freedom Rides • National Urban League • Nation of Islam • Black Panthers—militant group founded by Bobby Seale in California

  18. Locations

  19. Eyes on the Prize—Film Events • Emmitt Till (Mississippi) • Montgomery Bus Boycott (Alabama) • Little Rock Nine and Central High School (Arkansas) • Nashville Sit-ins (North Carolina and Tennessee) • Freedom Riders/Albany Demonstrations (arrest of King—Georgia) • Birmingham Demonstrations (arrest of King—Alabama) • JFK’s Civil Rights Act proposed • March on Washington, August 1963 • Voting Registration Efforts • Malcolm X and Northern Efforts • Assassination of Medgar Evers (Mississippi) • Mississippi Summer Project • Freedom Summer and the Murder of Three Students (Mississippi) • Mississippi Freedom Party and The 1964 Democratic Convention • Selma Voting Registation and Boycotts (Alabama) • March from Selma to Montgomery (Alabama)

  20. VII. White Resistance • Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina (filibusterer and Dixiecrat) • Southern Democrats in Congress (tried to defeat Civil Rights legislation) • Governor OrvalFaubusof Arkansas (blocked the Little Rock Nine) • Governor George Wallace of Alabama (Birmingham, Selma, and “stood at the school house door” at the Univ. of Alabama to keep students from enrolling) • Police Chief Bull Connor (sent dogs and used fire hoses on students in Birmingham) • Businessman Lester Maddox wielded an axe handle at activists trying to enter his “whites only” restaurant—he sold his restaurants when ordered to integrate and won election for Governor of Georgia

  21. Legislation: Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Effort to increase African-American voter participation and integration of public schools • Filibuster in Senate led by Strom Thurmond of SC slowed its passage • Changes to the bill watered down its intentions and effectiveness

  22. VIII. SignificantLegislation • Civil RightsAct of 1964—made segregationillegal • VotingRightsAct of 1965—made literacy tests and grandfather clause illegal • 24th Amendment—eliminatedpolltax • 26th amendment—gave 18-year olds the vote • Practice of Affirmative Action in work place, college admissions, etc.

  23. Review of Amendments (on STAAR) • 13th—ended slavery • 14th—citizenship for former slaves • 15th—suffrage for former slaves (Remember: “Free citizens vote.”) • 24th—ended poll tax • 26th —suffrage for 18 year olds

  24. Court Cases dealing with Civil Rights One year ago, March 27, 2013: United States v. Windsor (focuses on The Defense of Marriage Act, DOMA and 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause)

  25. The Mendez Case (Mendez v. Westminster) • 1944—Orange County, California • Hispanic families sued for students to attend local schools • Courts heard testimony regarding culture and language • Ruled to de-segregate California schools. This applied to Asian Americans and African Americans also • The Anderson Law passed and was signed by Governor Earl Warren • Warren was later named as the chief justice of the Supreme Court and wrote the ruling for Brown v. The Board of Education • The Warren Court is famous for “liberal” decisions (Miranda rights, etc.)

  26. IX. Civil Rights Court Cases • A.Dred Scott v. Sanford—1857—ruled for slavery everywhere in the U.S.—overturned in 1865 by the 13th & 14th amendments • B.Plessy v. Ferguson—1896—ruled for segregation—“separate but equal”—overturned by Brown decision

  27. C.Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954—ruled to de-segregate schools— referred to 14th amendment • D. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.—1964 Referred to commerce clause of Civil Rights Act of 1964—ruled against any segregation in commercial areas • E. Loving v. Virginia—1967—ruled against miscegenation laws—cited 14th amendment

  28. “One Man, One Vote” F. Reynolds v. Sims—1964—Congressional reapportionment based on most recent census date—each legislative district should be approximately equal in population.

  29. G. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education—1971 Upheld integration of schools to be achieved by busing if necessary • H. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke—1978 Upheld affirmative action but ruled against rigid use of racial quotas • I. Shaw v. Reno—1993 Ruled that racial gerrymandering was illegal—upheld Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

  30. Texas Civil Rights Cases • Mendez v. Westminster ISD—1944, Calif.—ended school segregation in California for all groups (set precedent for Brown case and Texas cases) • Delgado v. Bastrop ISD—1948, TX—ended school segregation in TX for Mexican Americans • Sweatt v. Painter—1950—led to University of Texas allowing a black student to attend law school • Hernandez v. Texas—1954, TX—equal protection of the 14th Amendment for Mexican Americans • White v. Regester—1973, TX—TX re-disticting was discriminating against minorities • Edgewood ISD v. Kirby—1993, TX—school districts treated equally regardless of tax base (“Robin Hood”)

  31. Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969 • 1st amendment rights applied to students

  32. How have things changed?

  33. Matching • Thurgood Marshall • Martin Luther King • John Lewis • Shirley Chisholm • Malcolm X • SNCC sit-ins, current Congressman from Georgia • Congresswoman from NY who ran for President in 1968 • Leader of Nation of Islam • Leader of SCLC—led Montgomery Bus Boycott • NAACP lawyer who won case of Brown v. Board of Education—later justice of Supreme Court

  34. Favorite Civil Rights Books • To Kill a Mockingbird • WarriorsDon’tCry • The Help • I Know Why the CagedBirdSings • Invisible Man • A LessonBeforeDying • The Wedding • Quakertown • White Lilacs • Secret Life of Bees • Roots • The Autobiography of Miss Jean Pittmann • The Warmth of OtherSuns

  35. Favorite Civil Rights Films • Mississippi Burning • Ghosts of Mississippi • In the Heat of the Night • Remember the Titans • To Kill a Mockingbird • The Great Debate • Glory Road • The DefiantOnes • Raisin in the Sun • Driving Miss Daisy • Hairspray • Roots • The Autobiography of Miss Jean Pittmann • The Help • 42 • Lee Daniels’ The Butler

  36. States rights vs. Federal Government • What does this mean? • How did the Civil War resolve it or did it? • How was this an issue in the 1950s and 1960s? • How is this an issue today? • View the next slide: Which side does Wallace represent? • Which side does the Deputy Attorney General represent? • Which side does the trooper represent?

  37. Governor George Wallace “standing at the school house door” blocking Deputy Attorney General Katzenbach—defying integration efforts. What moral compromises would a trooper have to make if any?

  38. King in the Birmingham Jail, 1963 • Is it always wrong to defy the law? • When, if ever, is it right to defy a society’s laws? • Who are models of Civil Disobedience?

  39. Read the Letter from Birmingham Jail 1. List everything you think is an injustice. 2. List everything you think is illegal today. 3. What types of actions are regulated by laws? 4. Some people say you can’t change behavior by passing laws, but that is what laws do. Which actions would be the most difficult to change? 5. How have conditions described in King’s letter changed today?

  40. Pair and Share • Whose philosophy made the most sense for America in the 1960’s, Martin’s or Malcolm’s? Explain and back up your argument with details from the documents provided.

  41. AP Supplement—see Atlas p. 107, AP Guide, Ch. 23 p. 153-161 • Map of Freedom Ride, Movement Incidents, Civil Rights Act vote in Congress • Slaughterhouse Cases and 1883 Civil rights Cases • Film: Birth of a Nation, 1915 • Marcus Garvey • FDR’s Fair Employment Practices Commission (and A. Philip Randolph)

  42. Leadership and Methods • King—SCLC—method? • Roy Wilkins—NAACP—method? • Stokely Carmichael and Bob Moses—SNCC—method? • Huey Newton—Black Panthers—method? • Malcolm X—Black Muslims—method? • Note: Ida Wells-Barnett, Ella Baker, Diane Nash, Shirley Chisholm

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