Introduction to Classification & Ocean Life

1. Introduction to Classification & Ocean Life Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

2. Introduction • When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other. • In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. • In this chapter you will learn how scientists classify living things. • You will also learn about the six kingdoms into which all living things are classified. Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

3. Taxonomy • Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them. • Taxonomy is the field of biology thatidentifies(gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics. http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan893l.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

4. Binomial Nomenclature • Scientists give animals Latin names during classifications which consists of two parts; the genus and species names put together. • They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change. • Means “two-part naming” • EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.” Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

5. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature • Always written in Latin and in italics. • Genus name is written first and is capitalized. • Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized. • Correctly written scientific names • Homo sapiens (modern man) • Felisdomesticus (common housecat) Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

6. Purpose for Classification • A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences. • EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. • Cambarusbartoni http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/huifangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

7. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for... • Felis concolor http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

8. Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus) • Von Linnewas the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species). http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

9. Modern Levels of Classification • Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomiclevel, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/classi6.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

10. Purpose for Classification cont. http://www.imagequest3d.com/stock/taxon/taxonomy_r2_c1.gif 2. Classification organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels. 3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms. Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

11. Levels of Classification • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

12. Mnemonic Device • D = … • K = … • P = … • C = … • O = … • F = … • G = … • S = … Directions: • Create an Mnemonic Device to remember the levels of classification. • Use the first letter for each level to create a rhythm, poem or saying to remember the order. Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

13. Levels of Classification • Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals) http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg • These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients. Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

14. Levels of Classification • Species is the LAST, most specific unit of classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/lab/TaxonomyLab.html Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

15. Domain Eukarya • All of the organisms that have a nucleus (eukaryotes) in Domain Eukarya. • This domain includes a variety of life forms in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_380.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

16. Domain Bacteria • Bacteria includes common strains such as Streptococcus and E. coli. • Includes Kingdom Eubacteria. http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/300000/images/_300835_e_coli300.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

17. Domain Archaea • Members of the domain Archaea (derived from Greek for “ancient”) and may be the oldest life forms on Earth! • They live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and can only survive in the absence of oxygen! • Includes Kingdom Archaebacteria Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

18. Kingdom Eubacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) • The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body! http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png • Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia. Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

19. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Ancient unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) • These bacteria are all autotrophs (make their own food) and live in very extreme, often hostile environments. • This Yellowstone spring is 194 degrees Fahrenheit! http://people.uncw.edu/tobiasc/Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

20. Kingdom Protista • Single and Multicellular Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles) • Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs • EX: amoebas, algae, kelp http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/protists/amoeba_proteus_X_100.jpg http://www.dirtworks.net/Images/NeptunesHarvest/Kelp.jpg http://www.bioremediate.com/lyngbya.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

21. Kingdom Fungi • Molds, mildews, and mushrooms are examples of the kingdom Fungi. • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • All heterotrophs – they do not use photosynthesis to create food! http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

22. Kingdom Plantae • Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!). • Non-motile (do not move) • EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants http://byandlarge.net/scuttlebutt/images/neighbourhood/bird-of-paradise.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

23. Kingdom Animalia • The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. • At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls. • EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, animals http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-20/jellyfish-7.jpg Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

24. Dichotomous Key • Taxonomists have developed special guides called dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms. • A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif Created & Designed by S. Harrington Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg