DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

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3. DISASTER • ANY OCCURRENCE THAT CAUSES DAMAGE, ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION , LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE OR DETERIORATION OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES ON A SCALE SUFFICIENT TO WARANT AN EXTRAORDINARY RESPONSE FROM OUTSIDE THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY OR AREA • BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO MAN- MADE AND NATURAL DISASTERS

4. CONTD. • MORBIDITY & MORTALITY DEPENDS ON TYPE OF DISASTER , DENSITY N DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION , CONDITION OF ENVIRONMENT , DEGREE OF PREPAREDNESS N OPPORTUNITY OF WARNING • TYPE OF EMERGENCY VARY ACC. TO KIND OF DISASTER & HOW N WHERE IT STRIKES

5. FEATURES OF DISASTER • A disaster may have the following main features:- oUnpredictability oUnfamiliarity oSpeed oUrgency oUncertainty oThreat

6. MAN MADE DISASTERS MAJOR • SETTING OF FIRES • EPIDEMIC • DEFORESTATION • POLLUTION • WARS MINOR • ROAD ACCIDENTS • RIOTS • FOOD POISONING • INDUSTRIAL DISASTER

7. RISK DEPENDS ON -: • Natureof the Hazard • Vulnerability of the elements which are affected • Economic value of those elements

8. MORBIDITY FROM DISASTER CLASSIFIED INTO -: • INJURIES • EMOTIONAL STRESS • EPIDEMIC OF DISEASE • INCREASE IN INDIGENOUS DISEASES

9. MATERIAL LOSSES • DAMAGE • DESTRUCTION • POLLUTION • ECONOMIC LOSSES • RESOUCE DEPLETION

10. SOCIAL DISRUPTION • HOMELESSNESS • UNEMPLOYMENT • ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR • CIVIL UNREST

11. PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASPECTS OF DISASTER • Acute stress disorder • Post traumatic stress disorder • Anxiety disorders • Depression • Alcohol and drug abuse • Aggravation of previous disorders if any

12. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ABNORMAL BEHAVIOURS IN VICTIMS -: • mood swings • irritation • restlessness • fatigue • sleeplessness • flashbacks • panic attacks

13. DISASTER RESPONSE • MANAGEMENT OF MASS CASAULTIES CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SEARCH AND RESCUE, FIRST AID, TRIAGE AND STABILIZATION OF VICTIMS, HOSPITAL TREATMENT AND REDISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS TO OTHER HOSPITALS

14. SEARCH, RESCUE N FIRST AID • Organized relief services will be able to meet only a small fraction of demand • Most of the immediate help comes from the uninjured survivors

15. FIELD CARE • Health services should be redirected to the new priority • Bed availability & surgical services should be maximized • Provisions for food & shelter • Centre to respond to queries of relatives and friends • Priority to victim’s identification & adequate mortuary space

16. TRIAGE • Principle of “first come,first treated” not followed in mass emergencies • Rapidly classify injured on basis of severity of injuries n likelihood of survival with prompt medical intervention

17. CONTD. • Triage to be carried out at site of disaster • INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED FOUR COLOUR CODE SYSTEM- Red indicates high priority transfer or treatment, Yellowfor medium priority, Greenfor ambulatory patients, Blackfor dead or moribund patients • Ideally local health workers should be taught principles of triage

18. TAGGING & IDENTIFICATION OF DEAD • Patients should be identified with tags stating their name, age, place of origin, triage category, diagnosis, initial treatment • Human bodies may contaminate water sources n spread gastroenteritis, food poisoning & other epidemics. • Care of the dead includes:- • Removal of the dead from the disaster scene • Shifting to the mortuary • Identification • Reception of bereaved relatives

19. RELIEF PHASE • Rapid damage assessment should be carried out to identify needs & resources • Four principal components in managing humanitarian supplies- • Acquisition of supplies • Transportation • Storage • Distribution

20. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES PROVIDING ASSISTANCE • WHO, UNICEF • WFP, FAO • UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS- OCHA

21. INTER GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS • EUROPEAN COMMUNITY HUMANITARIAN OFFICE- ECHO • ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES- OAS • CENTRE OF COORDINATION FOR PREVENTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN CENTRAL AMERICA • CARRIBEAN DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE AGENCY

22. NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS • CARE • INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS • INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES- IVCA • INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES

23. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLACE ANDDISEASE CONTROL

24. Disaster can increase communicable diseases by Overcrowding and poor sanitation Population displacement Disruption and contamination of water supply damage to sewage and power system Increase in vector population and vector born diseases Increase in zoonotic diseases

25. Outbreak of GASROENTERITIS is most common in post-disaster period due to first 3 factors. Increased ARI is also common in displaced population. Displacement of wild and domestic animals increase risk of zoonoses Vector borne diseases may take several weeks to reach epidemic level Wild animals are reservoir of some fatal infections like EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS,RABIES,LEPTOSPIROSIS, RIKETTSIOSIS etc.

26. Principals of preventing and controlling communicable diseases IMPLEMENT all public health measures,to reduce risk of disease transmission,a.s.a.p. ORGANISE a reliable disease reporting system. INVESTIGATE all reports of outbreak rapidly.

27. VACCINATION After disaster health authorities begins mass vaccination program against typhoid,cholera and tetanus Best is maintenance of high levels of immunity in population by routine vaccination before disaster. Monitoring and maintenance of ongoing national or regional eradication program against polio and measles should be done.

28. Nutritional disasters include prolonged draught or after hurricanes,floods,landslides,damage to cropes etc. Infants,childrens ,pregnant women,nursing mother,sick persons are more prone. Immediate steps include -assesing the food supplies. -gauging the nutritional needs of populaton. -calculating daily food rations. -monitoring the nutritional status of affected population.

29. Water supply Survey of all water supply system should be done. Physical integrity of system,remaining capacity,bacteriological and chemical quality of water should be assertained. For microbial contamination chlorine level is raised to about 0.7mg/l. Secondly chemical contamination and toxicity should be checked. New water sources should be protected by fencing prohibiting bathing,washing and resticting assess to people and animals.

30. Food supply,basic sanitation and Personal hygiene Poor hygiene is major cause of food borne diseases. Efforts should be made to ensure sanitary disposal of excreta to prevent faecal contamination. Emergency latrines should be made available and washing bathing facilities should be provided to displaced population.

31. Vector control More important in areas where vector borne diseases are endemic. Common are -Dengue,Malaria mosquitos -Leptospirosis,Rat bite fever rats -Typhus lice fleas -plaque fleas Dwelling and breeding place like stagnant water should be removed. Individual types of vectors are controlled by specific measures i.e spraying etc.

32. PERSONAL PROTECTION

33. LANDSLIDEBefore a Landslide: How to Plan: • Learn about landslide risk in your area. • Contact local officials, state geological surveys or departments of natural resources, and university departments of geology. If You Suspect Imminent Landslide Danger: •  Contact your local fire, police, or public works department. •  Evacuate

34. During a Landslide: • Stay alert and awake. . • Listen to a radio or television for warnings of intense rainfall. • Be aware that intense, short bursts of rain may be particularly dangerous, especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather. •  If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so·    • If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow and for a change from clear to muddy water. Such changes may indicate landslide activity upstream, so be prepared to move quickly. • Don't delay! Save yourself, not your belongings.

35. After the Landslide: • Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides • Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide area • Help a neighbor who may require special assistance • Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate authorities. • Check for damage Replant damaged ground

36. EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes usually give no warning at all. Before the earthquake • always keep the emergency kit ready. • Teach family members how to turn off electricity, gas, etc. • Identify places in the house that can provide cover during an earthquake. Safeguard your house •  in earthquake prone area make your house quake resistant by consulting a reputable contractor.

37. During quake • Take cover. Go under a table or other sturdy furniture. Hold on to furniture legs for balance. Be prepared to move if your cover moves • Do not stand in doorways. Violent motion could cause doors to slam and cause serious injuries • Move away from windows, mirrors, bookcases and other unsecured heavy objects. • If you are in bed, stay there and cover yourself with pillows and blankets • Never use the lift. • Move to an open area where there are no trees, electric or telephone wires.

38. If outdoors: • Move into the open, away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. •  Avoid places where there are loose electrical wires and • Do not re-enter damaged buildings and stay away from badly damaged structures. If in a moving vehicle: • Move to a clear area away from buildings, trees, overpasses, or utility wires, stop, and stay in the vehicle. • Move with caution after the quake stops • Avoid bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the quake.

39. After the quake • ·      After the first tremor, be prepared for aftershocks.  • ·       If the building you live in is in a good shape after the earthquake, stay inside and listen for radio advises. If you are not certain about the damage to your building, evacuate carefully. Do not touch downed power line. • ·        Help injured or trapped persons. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. In such cases, call for help. • ·      . • ·       .

40. FLOODS SAFETY TIPS Before flooding occurs. If your area is flood-prone, consider alternative building materials. Have an emergency kit on hand

41. During floods • Drink boiled water. • Use raw tea, rice-water, tender coconut-water, etc. during diarrhea; contact your ANM/AWW for ORS and treatment. • Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surrounding. • Help the officials/volunteers distributing relief materials.

42. If you stay or on your return ·       Stay tuned to local radio for updated advice. ·       ·       Do not use electrical appliances, which have been in floodwater until checked for safety. ·       Do not eat food, which has been in floodwaters. ·      Boil tap water (in cities) until supplies have been declared safe. In case of rural areas, store tube well water in plastic jars or use halogen tablets before drinking. ·      Be careful of snakes, snakebites are common during floods.

43. If smoke is in your apartment: Stay low to the floor under the smoke. Call the Fire Emergency Number. If you have a balcony and there is no fire below it, go out. If there is fire below, go out to the window. DO NOT OPEN THE WINDOW but stay near the window.

44. STORMS,HURRICANES AND TORNADOES • DURING AN EMERGENCY :- • LISTEN TO THE INFORMATION AND ADVIDE PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORITIES • DO NOT GO OUT IN A CAR OR A BOAT ONCE THE STORM HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED • EVACUATE HOUSE IF THE AUTHORITIES REQUEST THIS TAKING THE FAMILY EMERGENCY PACKAGE • IF CAUGHT OUT SIDE IN A STORM .TAKE REFUGE AS QUICKLY ASPOSSIBLE IN A SHALTER; IF THERE IS NO SHELTER,LIE DOWN FLAT IN A DITCH. • IN A THUNDER STORM KEEP AWAY FROM DOORS,WINDOWSAND ELECTRICAL CUNDUCTERS,UNPLUG ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES THE TELEPHONE.

45. ANYONE WHO IS OUTSIDE SHOULD:- • LOOK FOR SHELTER IN BUILDING • IF OUT IN A BOAT ,GET BACK TO THE SHORE • KEEP AWAY FROM FENCES AND ELECTRICAL CABLES • KNEEL DOWN RETHER THEN REMAIN STANDING • AFTER AN EMERGENCY:- • AFTER THE STORM HAS SUBSIDED : • GIVE FIRST AID TO THE INJURED • MAKE SURE THE WATER IS SAFE TO DRINK AND CHECK THE CONTENT OF REFRIGERATOR AND FREEZER

46. Man made disasters There are many disasters which have large elements of human causation either accidental or intended.they are divided into three catogeries. 1.Sudden disasters such as bhopal gas tragedy in india on 3rd december 1984 in which a leakage in storage tank of union carbide pesticide plant released tonnes of methyl isocynate into air About 2 million people were exposed to gas leaving about 3000 dead.another is accident at reacter 4 at the chernobyl nuclear power stationin the soviet union on april 26 1986.

47. 2.Insidious disasters such as insidious chemical exposure and radiation exposure,as in nuclear weapon production factories and reserch laboratries. Chemical plants releasing their toxic byproducts into water sources and global warming also comes in this catogery. 3.Wars and civil conflicts such as world trade centre ,mumbai bomb blasts,assam communal riots.

48. Since world war 2 there have been more than 127 wars and 21.8 million war related deaths.recently the proportion of ciilians among that has been increasing. Air-borne power and wide-ranging nature of modern war puts an entire population at risk disrupting food production and supply routes,imperling fragile ecosystem and forcing refugees like tibetians by hundreds of thousands to flee.

49. The public health response to man made disaster is the primary prevention i.e. prevention of occurrence of disaster .There must be tighter regulations of chemical plants and other hazardous facilities and insistence that the chemical plants be built away from dense populous areas ,other measures includes appropriate engineering and technological measures (like building codes dam designs and containment of toxic materials) early warning ,if possible ,and protection against human errors People around the world must turn towards efforts to stop the arms race and prevent nuclear war

50. Disaster preparedness and policy development In india states are responsible for execution of relief work in wake of natural disasters.Govt. of india plays a supportive role in terms of supplementation of final resources to the states At the centre the ministry of agriculture is the nodal ministry for coordination of all activities during a natural disaster.