Human Services 11

1. Human Services 11 Chapter 11

2. Physical Growth and Development from One to Three Chapter 11 Section 1 Text Pages:

3. What is a “Toddler”, really? • Once they’re upright and able to “toddle” on their feet to get around, developmentally, babies become toddlers. • For the sake of ages, we often identify toddlers as being age 1 or 2. • When children turn 3 years old, they’re typically referred to as preschoolers. • By definition, toddlers are children from the age of first walking until their third birthday.

4. Height, Weight, Posture & Proportion • Toddlers typically gain about half of a pound per month. This rate is much slower than that of infants. • Growth in height has also slowed by half. • There is a greater range of height and weight differences among toddlers than there is among infants. • We begin to see the genetics for height and weight influence the toddler’s height and weight. • Changes in proportion causes posture to improve during the toddler years. • Until the age of 2, most children’s head, chest and torso are the same circumference. By age 2, the chest becomes larger, and there is significant growth in arms and legs. • This helps the child stand straighter, which improves balance and motor skills.

5. Proportion

6. Toddler Teeth • In the chart to the right you can see how the teeth typically come in. • One year olds typically have 8 teeth. • During the second year, 8 more teeth typically come in. • The last four teeth come in during their third year. • Most children will have all 20 of their primary teeth by the time they are 3 years old.

7. Caring for Toddler Teeth • Brushing is crucial from the get-go. Before your baby has teeth, you can gently brush her gums. • Use water on a baby toothbrush, or clean them with a soft washcloth. • When your baby's teeth appear, brush twice a day with an infant toothbrush and mild toothpaste. • The health of teeth are greatly influenced by diet: mom’s during pregnancy and child’s during their first years.

8. Continuing Dental Care • To encourage a child to take charge of their own habits, brush your teeth together. • Allow a toddler to “brush” their own teeth so they get used to the feeling, develop the motor skills and have a sense of control. • After the toddler has “brushed” her own teeth, mom/dad (caregiver) should do a double check and do another brush of the teeth.

9. Foods Affecting Dental Health • Many foods are rich in the vitamins and minerals that help form strong, healthy teeth. • These minerals and vitamins are: • Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D • Oranges, tofu, almonds and salmon are high in calcium. • Tofu, salmon, seeds and lentils are high in Phosphorus. • Salmon, eggs, and fortified cereals and orange juices are good sources of Vitamin D.

10. The Fluoride Debate • Most kids get the right amount of fluoride through a combination of fluoridated toothpaste and fluoride treatments at their dentist. • Too much fluoride before 8 years of age, a time when teeth are developing, can cause enamel fluorosis, a discoloration or mottling of the permanent teeth.

11. The Fluoride Debate • Tap water supplied by the Metro Vancouver Water District is not fluoridated. It contains less than 0.05 mg/l of naturally occurring fluoride. • It’s very common across North America, (particularly in the US), to add fluoride to drinking water. • There is newer research that is looking at how fluoride affects brain development in infants and younger children. It’s still inconclusive, but worth following. • The bodies of older children and adults are better equipped to handle small amounts of fluoride like we’re exposed to.

12. Motor Skills • A motor skill is simply an action that involves your baby using his muscles. • Gross motor skills are larger movements your baby makes with his arms, legs, feet, or his entire body. So crawling, running, and jumping are gross motor skills. • Fine motor skills are smaller actions. Like picking up objects with the pincher grasp. • Toddlers enjoy using both fine and gross motor skills, but can become easily frustrated with either, so activities should move between fine and gross skills.

13. Manipulation Skills • Manipulation skills refer to the ability to move and position objects within one hand without the help of the other hand. • Manipulationis used when holding a puzzle piece, keys, writing or even cutting with scissors. • These are skills we sometimes take for granted.

14. Providing Care for Children from One to Three Chapter 11 Section 2 Text Pages:

15. Feeding Toddlers • Toddlers are adventurous eaters and parents & caregivers should take advantage of this. • Toddlers can eat all the foods that the rest of the family eats. • Safety: Make certain to mitigate choking hazards. For example, cut grapes in half. • If the family likes strong seasoning, toddler meals might need to have a little less seasoning, but they should still have some so they get used to the family food.

16. Finger Foods • Finger foods allow a toddler to feed themselves. • They also improve coordination, and help a child develop self confidence. • Most foods can be cut up into finger food sized portions. • Safety: finger foods are not just about being easy to handle, but being a safe size to eat.

17. Meals and Snacks • This image has more examples of finger foods for toddlers, and a handy way to offer them. • Divided dishes keep food from getting away from the child. • The most important factor with toddler meals and snacks is nutrition. • Offer a wide variety of foods.

18. Bath Time for Toddlers • How a toddler responds to a bath depends on how much FUN the parents or caregiver makes it. • Toddlers love water play. • Toddlers don’t want to get into the tub, toddlers don’t want to get out of the tub.

19. Review of Dental Care • Toddlers should brush their own teeth. • Re-brush the child’s teeth afterward,try making it a game… “chase the ___” • Toddler dental flossers can help too.

20. Dressing a Toddler – What to look for • Giving toddlers choice gives them control and cuts down on arguments. • Outfit #1 or Outfit #2

21. Dressing a Toddler – Fiber Contents • Synthetic (Man-made) • Examples: polyester, polar fleece, nylon, lycra, gortex • PROs: don’t shrink, don’t wrinkle • CONs: don’t breathe, they melt • Natural • Examples: cotton, wool, silk, linen, rayon (viscose) • PROs: breathable • CONs: they wrinkle and shrink

22. Bed Time Routines • Routines are very important for younger children (they’re important for all people). • Routines give stability, they allow the body predictability for good health. • Bedtime routines can vary, but parents should establish a routine, and ideally a bed time. • Routines can include: baths, stories (books or made up), massage, stretching, songs, etc. Anything soothing.

23. Suggested Bedtimes for Ages 5 - 12

24. A too-late bedtime may lead to: • Difficulty getting to sleep. Once your child passes her natural “sleep window” her body will produce cortisol and even adrenaline (hormones that stimulate the body). Parents sometimes notice their child’s “second wind.” • Night waking. Often when children go to bed too late, their sleep will not be as sound and they often wake during the night.  Cortisol causes poor sleep quality. • Early morning waking. It seems counter-intuitive, but often when kids are waking very early in the morning, a late bedtime is the culprit. • Less sleep overall. Research has shown that kids with a late bedtime get cumulatively less sleep than kids who have earlier bedtimes, showing they don’t make up for the missed sleep by sleeping later or napping longer.

25. The Bogie-man and Things that go Bump… • It is normal for young children to be afraid of the dark. • They have active imaginations and they can just barely make out the shapes and shadows in the room. • Stories, movies, etc, can also fuel bedtime fears. • Discuss their fears, provide a night light. Be patient and understanding. • Tip: Monster paint / Monster spray

26. Toilet Training… what you need to know. • First – every child is different the age is different. The child needs to want to toilet train. • Need to be able to: • Pull up and down their pants • Need to be able to get to the toilet/potty • Need to be able to understand the feeling of needing to pee or poop • Most parents attempt to toilet their children around 18 – 24 months • Most children are READY between 2 and 4 years.

27. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Disadvantages

28. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Easy for toileting • Easy to move, dress, shoes, • Layers • Bright colour (pink) • Breathable • Disadvantages • Choking hazard: necklace • No bottoms: falling, modesty • Might be the “nice” outfit

29. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Disadvantages:

30. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Layer • Jeans are durable, and stretch • Shoe offers support, so does the heel • Disadvantages: • Shoe laces are a problem: tripping, toddlers cannot tie shoes • Fibre content is not great • Too dressy to play in • Buttons (pants and shirt)

31. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Disadvantages:

32. Evaluating the Advantages & Disadvantages of Children’s Clothing. • Advantages: • Unisex • One piece, no bottoms to fall • Can layer it • Denim is a good fabric • Disadvantages: • Buttons (need to be sewn on well), hard to put on and take off • Child cannot dress themself