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APA Format

APA Format. APA Publication Manual is currently in its 6th version since 1929. APA manual presents rules for the preparation of manuscripts for publication. Some of the rules may seem arbitrary, but They provide a way to have clear and consistent communication to reviewers/readers

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APA Format

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  1. APA Format • APA Publication Manual is currently in its 6th version since 1929. • APA manual presents rules for the preparation of manuscripts for publication. • Some of the rules may seem arbitrary, but • They provide a way to have clear and consistent communication to reviewers/readers • In the APA manual, there’s a sample paper on p. 41

  2. Title Page (Section 2.01) • Page Numbers • Used to identify the pages as part of your article if they get separated • Your title page is page 1 • All other pages have subsequent page numbers • In Microsoft Word 2003, go to View, Header and Footer, and click on #. • Justify right • In the new version of Word, go to Insert, Header, Edit Header, and click on page #. • Running head • The R is capitalized; the h is not • Then a colon • Then an abbreviated title in all caps (less than 50 characters) • Title of your paper, Your Name, Affiliation (Caldwell College) • Double spaced in center of page • Put your title on several lines if it’s long • Note: The course name, professor’s name, and the date are NOT placed on the title page

  3. Abstract (Section 2.04) • Brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article • Can be read on PsycINFO • Do not add to what’s in the paper. Summarize. • Number of words varies depending on journal – no more than 250 words • Abstract for an empirical study: • Problem under investigation • Important characteristics of participants • Most important and interesting features of your method • Basic findings • Conclusions, implications, applications • Format • On page 2 (with Running head) • Type Abstract, centered at top of the page. Type of the abstract itself is a single block paragraph without indentation.

  4. Running head: CHOICE AND ON-TASK BEHAVIOR 1 This is called the running head. The R is capitalized, and the h is not. Then comes the colon, a couple spaces, and an abbreviated title. If the title of your paper is short, sometimes the running head is identical. Notice that the abbreviated title is in ALL CAPS. This goes on every page. Page number – Use Header function in Word to Insert page numbers. Effects of Choice on On-Task Behavior in Children with Autism Tina Sidener Caldwell College This is the title. It is centered on the page vertically and horizontally. It’s double-spaced, and the first letter of most of the words in the title are capitalized. Your name goes here. It’s double spaced under the title. The name of the affiliation goes here. It’s double-spaced under the title. Notice that the name of the class, your professor, and the date ARE NOT written anywhere on the paper.

  5. Headings (Section 3.03) • Put your title on the first line of page 3 • Use headings and subheadings appropriate to the paper. If you had 3 levels of headings, they’d look like this… Method Participants Setting Response Measurement and Data Collection On task. On schedule. Procedure Imitation assessment. Preference assessment.

  6. Abbreviations (Section 4.22) • e.g., • This means, “for example” • i.e., • This means, “that is” • Example • Reinforcers (e.g., Skittles, Bumbleball) • This means that Skittles and Bumbleball were 2 examples of reinforcers, but there were other reinforcers • Reinforcers (i.e., Skittles, Bumbleball) • This means that Skittles and Bumbleball were the ONLY reinforcers that were used • If you want to abbreviate a long term that you’re using, put the abbreviation in parentheses the first time you use it. • Subsequently, only use the abbreviation (don’t switch back and forth) • Example • Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) was used to reduce problem behavior • NCR was effective in reducing problem behavior for Joey

  7. Gender issues: Singular vs. Plural • Incorrect: the learner makes their response • Alternatives • The learner makes the response • Learners make their responses • The learner makes his or her response • The learner makes his response • Alternate with his and her throughout text if you’re talking about more than 1 person

  8. Citations in Text (Section 6.11) • If you use an idea from another source, you must cite it (avoid plagiarism) • 2 ways to do this…. • As part of the text of a sentence • According to Carr and Smith (2000), … • In 2000, Carr and Smith evaluated… • At the end of a sentence • Research has shown that this technique is very effective (Carr & Smith, 2000). • Research has shown that this technique is very effective (e.g., Carr & Smith, 2000).

  9. Citations in Text (Section 6.11) • The first time you cite a source, provide the entire citation • Smith, Kelley, Balsam, and Cheney (2005) reported that… • Reeve and Progar (2007) • If you cite that source again in your paper, shorten it to • Smith et al. (2005) concluded that… • Reeve and Progar (2007) ---would stay the same • Omit the year from subsequent citations after the first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph. • 1st time – Sidener (2007); 2nd time – Sidener • Include the year in subsequent citations if first citation within a paragraph is parenthetical. • 1st time – (Sidener, 2007); 2nd time – Sidener (2007)

  10. Quotes (Section 6.03) • If you use the exact words from another source, you must • Put them in quotes • Provide the page number • Shouldn’t need to quote unless you’re providing a definition or the person said something very eloquent or noteworthy • 2 major ways to do this • Within a sentence • …is “the greatest invention of the 20th century” (Reid, 2003, p. 394). • At the end of a sentence • Reid (2003) claimed that it’s “the greatest invention of the 20th century” (p. 394).

  11. Citations in Text (Section 6.11) • If you are citing more than 1 article, list them in order alphabetically by last name and separate them with semicolons. • Only two studies have evaluated this phenomenon (i.e., Carr & Smith, 2000; Tuttle & Kramer, 1996)

  12. Reference Page (Section 6.27) • Type References on the first line centered at the top of the page. • Different types of sources are listed differently – you may have to look it up • A good trick to know… • To indent your references correctly in Microsoft Word, select the entire reference • Then choose the hanging indent triangle in the ruler at the top of the page • Move it to the right to 0.5” • Journal Article Examples • With digital object identifier – see www.doi.org • See example of doi at http://seab.envmed.rochester.edu/jaba/ Kline, A. H. (2004). Effects of reinforcement on student behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 576-578. doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.255 • Without doi Kline, A. H. (2004). Effects of reinforcement on student behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 576-578. Retrieved from http://seab.envmed.rochester.edu/jaba/

  13. Reference Page (Section 6.27) • Book Examples • Entire book Kline, A. H. (2004). Reinforcement and its effects. Hillsdale, NJ: Context Press. • Book chapter Cooper, L. S. (2006). Positive reinforcement. In A. H. Kline (Ed.), Reinforcement and its effects (pp. 200-249). Hillsdale, NJ: Context Press.

  14. Tables & Figures (Section 5.20) • After your references page (in the above order) • Caption is placed directly below a figure • Should be a brief but descriptive phrase • Single spaced (only use single-space for figs. & tables) • Examples: • Figure 1. Percentage of intervals with vocal stereotypy and motor stereotypy across conditions for Jenny. • Figure 2. Vocalizations per session for Mark (top panel) and Jenny (bottom panel) during Experiment 1.

  15. Using Numbers (Section 4.31) • General Rule: • Use figures to express numbers 10 and above • Use words to express numbers below 10 • Exceptions – Use figures for ALL numbers when they… • Are grouped for comparison with numbers above 10 (e.g., 2 of the 20 responses) • Immediately precede a unit of measurement (e.g., 10.54 cm) • Represent statistical or math functions, time, dates, ages, numbers of participants, sums of money (e.g., multiplied by 5, 2-year-olds) • Denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books or tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers (e.g., Table 3) • Exceptions – Use words for ALL numbers when they… • Begin a sentence, title, or heading • Are common fractions (e.g., one fourth) • Have a universally accepted usage (e.g., the Fourth of July) • Exceptions – Combine numbers and words to provide clarity • 2 two-way interactions • Ten 7-point scales • Twenty 6-year-olds • The first 10 items

  16. Other Interesting Tidbits… • The word data is plural. • Correct: These data are interesting. • Incorrect: This data is interesting. • You model and children imitate. • Hyphenation • Hyphenate an adjective and noun combination when it precedes another noun (e.g., low-frequency words; 5-min session). • Hyphenate a compound with a participle when it precedes the noun it modifies (e.g., role-playing techniques) • Do not hyphenate a compound that includes an adverb ending in ly (e.g., widely used test) • That and Which • That clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence (e.g., The children that met criterion began the new curriculum) • Which clauses merely add further information (e.g., The discrimination programs, which had multiplied like flies, were strenuously edited)

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