1. Building Energy Code Modeling and Its application Cases from China, India, and the United States Sha Yu, Mereydd Evans, and Bing Liu Buildings under UNFCCC Flexible Mechanisms Workshop March 14 2011

2. Topics Outcome-Based Codes and Energy Benchmarking China Building Energy Codes Modeling Advanced Energy Guides for Existing Buildings

3. Outcome-based codes and energy benchmarking India’s Energy Conservation Building Code Ultimate energy performance v. building design and construction Outcome-based codes: energy usage of the building

4. Traditional Building Energy Codes • Verification of building design • Inspection of actual construction • Compliance stages • Incentives and penalties • Third-party inspectors Traditional code enforcement does not consider: • Process loads and plug loads • Even with modeled loads, theoretical and actual performance can differ substantially.

6. Energy Benchmarking Compare a particular building to similar set of buildings to establish a benchmark and then scoring the particular building’s actual energy performance against the benchmark Use simulated performance of the building as the benchmark ESCOs and performance contractors Control companies and utilities

7. Verification process • Periodic audits at set moment post-occupancy • Comparison of energy consumption to benchmark could trigger penalties • Comparing a benchmark that could trigger an audit

8. China Building Energy Codes Modeling • Investigate the “long-term” effect of China’s building codes/standards on its energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, considering • Socioeconomic development (income, urbanization, etc.) • Expansion of building floorspace and energy services • Building retirement and code compliance • Regional heterogeneity in building code • Regional heterogeneity in the effect of climate change

9. The Detailed Model for China Building Energy Use Energy Service Demands Floorspace Expansion Socioeconomic Assumption End-Use Technologies Delivered Fuels Urbanization Heating Cooling WH&C Lighting Appliance Urban population GDP Urban Building Floorspace Furnace Boiler Heat pump District heat AC Cooker Water heater Incandescent Fluorescent Solidstate Lamp Appliances Equipment China Population GDP Coal Gas Oil Heat Electricity Biomass Trad. biomass Heating Cooling WH&C Lighting Appliance Rural population GDP Rural Building Floorspace Heating Cooling WH&C Lighting Equipment Commercial Building Floorspace

10. The Twelve Building Sectors 9 Provinces Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu 9 Provinces Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan 6 Provinces & 2 countries Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan Cambodia, Vietnam 6 Provinces & 2 countries Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Mongolia, DPRK

11. Methodological Framework GCAM assumptions about population/ income for China+ Income path for urban/rural for each sub-region Urbanization assumptions for each sub-region Heating/Cooling Degree Days by Sub-Region Historical info.: Construction Building types Codes/standards U value FSR value Compliance Building Stock Model: U & FSR GCAM Detailed Building Model Results Base-year building energy consumption by fuel and service Policy Compliance

12. Advanced Energy Guides for Existing Buildings • Core Elements • General guidance • Packages of energy efficiency improvements at three levels • Packages relative to the Commercial Reference Buildings • Techniques to ensure energy savings achieved • Case studies • Building Energy Analysis • Economic Analysis • Commissioning, Operations, Maintenance, and Verification

13. Contacts Sha Yu 301-314-6736 sha.yu@pnl.gov Meredydd Evans 301-314-6739 m.evans@pnl.gov

14. Thank you!