1) Industrial Revolution A major economic CHANGE, beginning in 18 th -century Britain, in how goods were produced… … Fr

1. 1)Industrial Revolution • A major economic CHANGE, beginning in 18th-century Britain, in how goods were produced… • …From …To • individual production → mass production • (“piece work”) (assembly line) • handmade (low tech) → machine made (high tech) • manual power → automatic power • (human, animal) (water power, then steam) • decentralized production → centralized factory • in homes (“cottage” industry) production • rural setting (farm) → urban setting (cities… near power sources!)

2. Industrial Revolution A lasting and dramatic change in which low volumehandmademanualproduction was replaced by the invention and innovation of mass-producingmachines using automatic power in factories clustered in growing cities.

3. 2) An AGRICULTURAL revolution precedes the Industrial Revolution, during which… • … wealthy landowners buy up small farms, creating new, larger and more productive farms that are defined by fences or hedges (“enclosures”).

4. 3) Agricultural improvements on larger, enclosed farms: • seed drill – plant seeds at specified depths in orderly rows (vs. random spreading) • crop rotation – plant different crops each year to replenish soil, avoid unproductive(fallow) fields • selective breeding - for larger, healthier livestock (animal husbandry) • scientific approach to farming - maintain detailed agricultural records of successes

5. 3) (cont.) Relationship between enclosed farms & agricultural improvements: Wealthy landowners have CAPITAL ($) to INVEST in experimental farming techniques, scientific methods, and new equipment, which yield increased food production (and wealth).

6. 4) Increased farm production  industrialization: • While some farmers stay on as tenant farmers (now on land owned by someone else), MOST farmers are no longer needed with the new, more efficient farming techniques. • As a result: • - many displaced farmers migrate to growing • cities (“urbanization”) to find new work • - this migrating population will serve as a • growing labor force for industrialization • (or, they EMIGRATE!) • - more food production (along with improvements in • medicine), feeds a growing population of both • WORKERS and CONSUMERS in the cities.

8. 5) The Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain...why? Short answer: Britain possessed all the key factors of production: - LAND - LABOR - CAPITAL

9. Detailed Answer… Britain’s advantages: • 1) Growing POPULATION = large labor force & many consumers • 2) Abundant natural RESOURCES: rivers (for transportation and • power), coal, iron ore, harbors • 3) Strong economy w/ CAPITAL ($) to invest in new businesses: • * many wealthy merchants from successful international trade • * strong banking system: lots of $ in circulation + many low-interest loans available, with less risk to banks • 4) ENTREPRENEURSHIP - a “climate of progress” in which • inventors & innovators combined with investors willing to • organize, manage and assume risks of new businesses • 5) POLITICAL STABILITY • * Security (no wars at home): • island nation + strong navy = no invasion • * Stable government that supports entrepreneurship: government comprised of wealthy who support businesses with favorable laws that encourage more trade, investment, innovation (i.e. low taxes, little regulation) • = Laissez-Faire govt: “hands off” (stay out of the way)

10. M → MARKETS (including foreign trade) • E → ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ideas) • L → LABOR (large pool of workers) • T → TRANSPORTATION (infrastructure) • I → INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($$$) • N → NATURAL RESOURCES • G → GOVERNMENT (laws, protection)

11. 8) Earliest developments in industrial production: • TEXTILES (manufacture of cloth, linens & fabrics) • 9) Machines & factories • first use water power… • … later replaced by • steam power (steam engine • development evolved with • innovations from 1765-1800, • becoming more efficient and • cost-effective)

12. Power sources TODAY:

13. 10) Industrial development of British textiles: • Inventor/ Invention/ • YearInnovatorInnovationSignificance • 1733 John Kay Flying Shuttle Doubled weaving speed • (still hand powered) • 1764 James Hargreaves “Spinning Jenny” Spins 6-8 threads simul. (still hand powered) • 1769 Richard Arkwright Water Frame + Machine-powered spinning Spinning Wheel • 1779 Samuel Crompton “Spinning Mule” Dramatically improves • (frame + jenny) thread quality & quantity • (machine powered) • 1787 Edmund Cartwright Power Loom Machine-powered weaving • 1793 Eli Whitney* Cotton Gin Cleaned seed out of raw cotton 50x faster than by hand • *Also invented interchangeable parts, allowing for quicker replacement of uniform machine parts. Result: machines are in disrepair for shorter periods, less expensively fixed, and more efficient & productive. • “Necessity is the mother of invention!”

16. Pre-Industrial Transportation: SLOW! - foot - horse-drawn cart - sailing ships - poor roads (muddy, bumpy)

17. 11) Industrial-Age improvements in transportation: • 1. Steamships • 2. “Macadam” roads • (better drainage, early • version of paving that • can handle heavier traffic)

18. Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued): 3. Canals

19. Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued): 4. Railroads (steam engine on wheels)

20. 12) ALL improvements in transportation allowed for a greater volume of cargo to be shipped further & faster than before. • As of the 1830’s, RAILROADS had the biggest impact: • 1. Lowered unit cost of transporting raw materials AND finished goods (= higher profits!). • 2. Increased jobs (railroad building, maintenance, & operation + MINING INDUSTRY) • 3. Increased food availability & distribution (feeding a growing population / labor force) • 4. Increased travel options for individuals • (for work AND recreation) = $$$ • ALL of these GROW THE ECONOMY! • All developments in transportation (and communication) represent improved INFRASTRUCTURE: • physical networks of transportation, communication, and public utilities & power sources