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Chapter 8: Properties and Changes of Matter

Chapter 8: Properties and Changes of Matter. Pearson Grade 8. Lesson 1: Measuring Matter. What Units are Used to Express Mass and Volume?. Weight: a measure of the force of gravity on you. Depends on the mass of the planet. An object will weigh less on a planet with less mass.

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Chapter 8: Properties and Changes of Matter

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  1. Chapter 8:Properties and Changes of Matter Pearson Grade 8

  2. Lesson 1: Measuring Matter

  3. What Units are Used to Express Mass and Volume? • Weight: a measure of the force of gravity on you. • Depends on the mass of the planet. • An object will weigh less on a planet with less mass. • An object will weigh more on a planet with more mass. • Weight is measured with a scale. • Complete the “Identify the Main Idea” exercise on page 291.

  4. Complete the Figure 1 exercise “Measuring Weight” on page 291.

  5. Mass • The amount of matter in an object. • Mass does not change with location, even if the force of gravity changes. • The mass of an object is a physical property. • The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). Smaller objects are measured in grams (g). There are 1,000 grams in one kilogram.. Complete the Figure 2 exercise “Measuring Mass” on page 292.

  6. Volume • The amount of space that matter occupies. The SI unit for measuring volume is the cubic meter (m3), the liter (L), and the milliliter (mL). • Volume of rectangular shaped object = length x width x height • To find the volume of an irregularly shaped object you can use the water displacement method: • Final volume (with object) – initial volume (without object) = volume of object • Complete the Figure 3 exercise “Calculating Volume” on page 293. • Complete the “Assess you Understanding” exercise, including the “got it?”, on page 293.

  7. Density • A measure of the mass of a material in a given volume. • The SI unit for density is grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3) or grams/milliliter (g/mL). • Density is a physical property. • Density = mass / volume • The density of water is 1 g/cm3. • Objects with a density greater than water will sink. • Objects with a density less than water will float. • Complete the “Assess you Understanding” exercise, including the “got it?”, on page 295. • Complete the “Review and Assessment” questions #1-4 on page 307.

  8. Density = mass / volumeComplete the “do the math!” exercise on page 294.

  9. Complete the Figure 4 exercise “Using Density” on page 295.Density = mass/volume GOLD!!!

  10. Volume = length x width x height 10 cm x 5 cm x 3 cm = 150 cm3 • Density = mass / volume 180 g / 150 cm3 = 1.2 g/cm3 • The mass of the solid would be the same on the moon, but the weight would change. The weight is different because it depends on the gravity of the planet. (The stronger the gravity, the more an object weighs.) Mass stays the same no matter where it is measured. (It does not change because mass measures the amount of matter in an object. That does not change depending on location.) • It has a density greater than water (1.0 g/cm3). • No. Another solid with the same dimensions will have the same volume, but it may have different mass and density.

  11. Lesson 2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

  12. Why are Chemical and Physical Properties Useful? • Matter can have many properties, or characteristics. • Some examples are hardness, texture, flammability, and color. • Characteristic properties can be used to identify unknown substances. • Other examples of characteristic properties are density, magnetism, melting and boiling points, and the ability to conduct heat or electricity. • There are two kinds of properties of matter: physical and chemical. • Since characteristic chemical and physical properties for a given substance don’t depend on the amount of matter (they don’t change no matter how big or small the matter is), they can be used to compare and classify matter. • Complete the “Vocab Skill” exercise on page 297. • Complete the Figure 1 Exercise “Physical Properties” on page 297.

  13. Physical Properties • A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance. • Examples include: shininess, hardness, ability to attract a magnet, and solubility (the ability to dissolve in water). • Complete the “Apply it!” exercise on page 298.

  14. Chemical Properties • A chemical property is a characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to change into different substances. • The ability to burn, or flammability, is a chemical property. Another example of a chemical property is the ability of iron to combine with water and oxygen to form rust. Silver reacts with sulfur and air to form tarnish. • Complete the “Summarize” exercise on page 299. • Complete the Figure 2 “Types of Solids” exercise on page 299. • Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 301. • Complete the “Review and Assessment” questions #5-8 on page 307.

  15. Complete the “Explore the Essential ?” exercise on page 300-301.

  16. Lesson Quiz: Lesson 2 never TRUE TRUE physical properties doesn’t change

  17. matter physical properties chemical chemical

  18. Lesson 3: Physical and Chemical Changes

  19. How can matter change? Substances can undergo two types of changes – physical and chemical changes. • A substance that undergoes a physical change is still the same substance after the change. • A substance that undergoes a chemical change produces a new substance with new properties.

  20. Physical change • All changes in state of matter of a substance (from solid to liquid to gas) are physical changes. • Other examples of physical changes are • bending, • crushing, • breaking, • dissolving, and • filtration and distillation. • Complete the “Compare and Contrast” exercise on page 303. • Complete the Figure 1 exercise “Changes in Appearance” on page 303.

  21. Chemical change • A change in matter that produces one or more new substances is a chemical change, or chemical reaction. • Everything you encounter is made up of some combination of a finite set of elements. • Atoms from two or more of these elements can combine in many ways to form all of the substances you see around you. • Complete the “apply it!” exercise on page 304.

  22. Examples of chemical change: • Photosynthesis is an example of a chemical change that happens naturally in plants. • Combustion: Combining of fuel with oxygen. (The burning of natural gas, oil, or coal.) • Electrolysis: Using electricity to break a compound into simpler compounds or elements. (Breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen). • Oxidation: combination of a substance with oxygen. (Rusting of iron). • Tarnishing: Combining of bright metal with sulfur to produce a dark coating on the metal. (Tarnishing of brass). • Complete the Figure 3 exercise “Types of Chemical Change” on page 304. • Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 305. • Complete the “Review and Assessment” questions #10-14 on page 308. • Complete the Florida Benchmark Review questions #1-6 on page 309. This is worth 1 grade and will be graded for accuracy.

  23. Lesson Quiz: Lesson 3 Photosynthesis chemical chemical properties physical

  24. chemical physical TRUE TRUE combustion

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