1. Fetal Hemoglobin

2. Definition: • Is the mainoxygen transport proteinin thefetusduring the last seven months of development in theuterusand in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. • Baby takes about 2 years to completely switch over to adult haemoglobin

3. Function: • Fetal hemoglobin differs most fromadult hemoglobinin that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother'sblood stream. • The transfer of oxygen is from the mother (less tightly bond) to the baby (more tightly bond).

4. Characteristic: • Hemoglobin F is made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains • Hemoglobin F does not turn into hemoglobin A. • Hb F and Hb A are completely different hemoglobin • Fetal hemoglobin is alkali-resistant hemoglobin • Newborn babies with sickle cell disease make hemoglobin F and hemoglobin S

5. Characteristic: • Babies with sickle cell disease experience more problems as hemoglobin F is turned off. • In adults, fetal hemoglobin production can be reactivated pharmacologically, which is useful in the treatment of such diseases as sickle cell disease • Hydroxyurea, one of the new drugs used to treat sickle cell disease in adults works by turning hemoglobin F back on.

6. Hb F increased in: Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Sickle cell anemia. Acquired a plastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobin.

7. Principle: • The test utilize the characteristics of Hb F to resist denaturation in an alkaline solution. • A red blood cell hemolysate is prepared to lyse the red blood cell and free the hemoglobin. • The hemolysate is added to cyanmethemoglobin reagent and then exposed to an alkaline reagent, sodium hydroxide, for specified period. • During this time normal Hb is destroyed, but the fetal Hb remains intact. • Ammonium sulfate is added to stop the denaturation process and to precipitate the denaturated hemoglobin. • The solution is filtered, measured spectrophotometerically cyanmethemoglobin solution to determine the percent of hemoglobin.

8. Procedure: • Prepare hemolysate (R1) by add 0.5ml blood to 9.5ml drapkien then mixed. • Transfer 2.8ml from R1 to new tube and add 200 µl NaOH (2N) mixed and incubation at R.T 2 min. • At the end of 2 min exactly add 2 ml saturation ammonium sulfate and mixed then incubation 5-10 min at R.T. • Filter the solution by filter paper. • Read the filtrate at 540 nm. • Total Hb: • Add 0.4ml blood from (R1) to 6.75 ml D.W and mixed • Read it on 540nm.

9. Calculation: • %Hb F = • (Abs of HbF / Abs of total Hb*10) *100 • Normal range: • 0 – 6 months : Up to 75% of HbF • 6 months - Adult: Up to 2% HbF