Applied Behavior Analysis for Educational Settings

Applied Behavior Analysis for Educational Settings Christopher Ewing, MS Behavior Intervention Consultant Arkansas Department of Education

Training Overview • Stages of Learning • Errorless Learning • Prompting and Prompt Fading • Discrete Trial Training • Precision Teaching & Fluency Training • Verbal Behavior • Incidental Teaching • Chaining • Shaping • www.acc.k12.ar.us/BEHAVIOR

Stages of Learning • Acquisition • Mastery/Fluency • Generalization • Maintenance

Errorless Learning • A procedure that reduces the chance of incorrect responses • Makes use of prompts and prompt fading to reduce incorrect responses • Reduces potential of learning incorrect responses

Prompts • Prompts increase the effectiveness of teaching by decreasing the likelihood of incorrect responses. • Types of Prompts • Physical Prompts • Visual Prompts • Verbal Prompts

Physical Prompts • Physically guiding the student • Hand-over-hand • Use the least force needed to ensure correct response • Never physically force the child’s movement • Effective for teaching motor skills

Visual Prompts • Visual cues to ensure correct response • 4 types of visual prompts • Gestural • Picture • Model • Positional

Verbal Prompts • Verbal instructions • Words or phrases • Can include sign language

Prompt FadingGeneral Guidelines • Determine how the prompt will be faded before you start fading. • Must be done in an orderly manner. • Begin fading when correct responding averages 80% correct. • Delay prompt • 2-3 consecutive incorrect responses return to the last prompt level that the student was successful

Prompt FadingPhysical Prompts • Reduce the force of grip • Light touch • Shadowing or change position of prompt

Prompt FadingVisual Prompts

Prompt FadingGestural Prompts Trainer Student

Prompt FadingPositional Prompts Trainer Student

Selection-Based Imitation • Used to teach receptive language • Sequence of Implementation • Linear configuration • Ensure attending • Field expansion • Strengthen scanning and increase field size • Linear configuration/different positions • Solidify scanning and prevent positional responding • Two steps • Increase flexible scanning and increase attention • Transfer to receptive labeling • “Do this.” is changed the label of the item • Gestural prompt is gradually faded • Response comes under control of verbal label of item

Selection-Based ImitationLinear Configuration Trainer “Do this.” Student

Selection-Based ImitationField Expansion Trainer “Do this.” Student

Selection-Based ImitationLinear Configuration/Different Positions Trainer “Do this.” Student

Selection-Based ImitationLinear Configuration/Different PositionsField Expansion Trainer “Do this.” Student

Selection-Based ImitationNon-Linear Configuration Trainer “Do this.” Student

Prompt FadingVerbal Prompts • Shorten the instruction • Shorten the word • Give beginning sounds

Instruction Response Consequence Discrete Trial Training • A structured way of teaching • Each trial has a clear beginning and ending • Trials are distinct and succinct • A trial is one set of instructions

Discrete Trial TrainingComponents • Presentation of Materials • Instructions • Prompting • Delivery of Consequences

Discrete Trial TrainingPresenting the Materials • Materials are ready and organized • Unnecessary items are removed from area • Materials and reinforcers are accessible to trainer • Items must be randomized each trial

Discrete Trial TrainingRandomization of Items Trainer Student

Discrete Trial Training5 Components of Effective Instructions • Clear and easily identifiable • Appropriate for the task • Consistent for new tasks • Uninterrupted • Gain student’s attention

Delivering ConsequencesCorrect Responses • Initially reinforce all correct responses • Once prompts are faded, use praise only to signal correct prompted responses

Delivering ConsequencesIncorrect Responses • Do not use “No, no” prompt • Remove materials • If prompt has been faded, do not prompt after first incorrect response • Present materials and instruction • Reinstate last successful prompt after 2 incorrect responses

Discrete Trial Training Practice

Precision Teaching • A fluency based set of methods and practice procedures which adjust curricula for each student to maximize learning

Precision TeachingExamples of Success • Students at Malcom X College made 2 grade level gains in 16 hours of instruction (Johnson & Layng 1994) • Sacajawea Elementary students gained 20-40 percentage points within 3 yrs. on standard achievement tests (Beck & Clement 1991) • Morningside Academy offers 2 money back guarantee for program • Students will progress 2 grade levels each year • Time on task will increase from 1-3 min. to 20 or more minutes (Johnson & Layng 1994) • Have not refunded any monies to date

Precision TeachingKey Features • The learner knows best • Uses frequency for measurement • Daily charting on the Standard Celeration Chart • Focused instruction and practice on directly observable behavior

Precision TeachingBenefits • Frequency of response is the basic unit of measurement • Free operant responding • Emphasizes teaching sequentially • Instructional decisions are data based • Multiple instructional techniques can be utilized

Precision Teaching5 Steps • Select a Task • Set an Aim • Count and Teach • Develop a Learning Picture • Decide What to Do

Precision TeachingSelect a Task • Countable • The movement must be observable and measurable • Counting Period • Consistent • At least 8-10 movements • Correct/Incorrect Pair • Define correct and incorrect movements • Count both correct and incorrect movements for each counting period • Learning Channel • Input and Output • Multiple learning channel sets for each skill • Hard-To-Do • Goal is to teach a new skill

Precision TeachingLearning Channels INPUT See Hear Touch Think OUTPUT Say Write Touch Sign Reach Press Mark Point Match

Precision TeachingLearning Channels Sample Learning Channel Sets See/Write See/Say Think/Do Hear/Write Think/Write Hear/Sign See/Match SeeHear/Touch

Applied Behavior Analysis for Educational Settings

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