The Cold War

1. The Cold War Mr. Trotman

2. Background Information-The Cold War Mr. Trotman

3. Background Information • Nazi Germany just lost WWII and much of Europe was in ruins • The United Nations had just been created to prevent future wars and genocides

4. Background Information • Two ideologies helped win WWII • Democracy led by the United States • Communism led by the Soviet Union (USSR) • These two superpowers were now at competition for spreading their government beliefs • SOL Question: What events led to the Cold War?

5. What they wanted… Soviets wanted… Americans wanted… Focused on economic problems They believed the Great Depression caused WWII They wanted to spread world trade, capitalism, democracy, and free enterprise They thought private property rights and limited government intervention in the economy would lead to prosperity • Focused on security • They believed communism was a superior economic system • They felt threatened by capitalist countries • Germany to stay weak and be punished for WWII

6. Yalta Conference • In February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta to plan the postwar world. • Issues discussed: • What to do with Poland? The original non-Communist and new Communist government both wanted power • The U.S. eventually let Poland be communist as long as free elections were held as soon as possible • Declaration of Liberated Europe: The major powers wanted Europe to chose the form of government in which they wanted. • The leaders (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) also wanted to divide Germany

7. Europe during the Cold War Mr. Trotman

8. Divided Germany • Germany was divided into 4 zones • West Germany • American • French • British • East Germany • Soviets • The “Iron Curtain” separated Easter and Western Europe as the Cold War began

9. A Divided Germany West Germany East Germany Communist Controlled by: Soviet Union Part of Warsaw Pact • Officially called the “Federal Republic of Germany” • Not allowed to have a military, but it was independent • Democratic • Held elections • Controlled by • US, UK, and France • Received Marshall Plan

10. Berlin Wall • JFK went to go meet with Russian Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 • Khrushchev wanted to stop East Germans from immigrating into West Berlin. • Khrushchev wanted for the U.S., UK, and France to withdraw from West Berlin. Kennedy said “no.” • Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall

11. Divided Berlin • Berlin was divided • West Berlin was trapped within East Germany. • The Soviets then built the Berlin Wall to keep their citizens from escaping to the free and democratic Berlin/Germany. • The Berlin wall became a symbol of Soviet communism • The Soviets were mad at the West and cut off all railways to West Berlin. West Berlin was trapped within East Germany!

12. The Berlin Airlift • The challenge was to keep Western Berlin alive without starting war with the Soviets. • From June 1948-April 1949, cargo planes with food, medicine, and coal helped aid West Berlin. • This became a symbol of American determination

14. Rival Organizations NATO Warsaw Pact Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe • April 1949 an agreement happened to unite democratic countries. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization • They agreed to help any ally who was attacked • West Germany eventually joined NATO

15. The Berlin Airlift and NATO

16. Potsdam Conference-July 1945 US Point of View Soviet Point of View WWII had hurt the Soviet economy and Stalin wanted reparations from Germany Dismissed the Declaration of Liberated Europe • President Truman met Stalin at Potsdam, Germany • Truman wanted to rebuild the German economy so it did not fall to communism The Agreement • Eventually, the US accepted the Soviets new border with Poland • and Stalin accepted the German economy to be rebuilt, as long as • they get some reparations. However, tensions steadily increased • between the two superpowers.

17. The Iron Curtain • A political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II. It became the symbol of the Cold War because it expressed the growing fear of communism Democracy/Free Enterprise Communism/Dictatorship By 1948 Stalin installed pro-Soviet communist governments throughout Eastern Europe

18. Containment • The American goals were described as “a long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” • Containment was keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic economic and military actions.

19. “Fighting” Communism with Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshal proposed the European Recovery Program USSR and its satellite nations rejected the offer The Marshall Plan donated billions of dollars worth of supplies, machinery, and food into western Europe. Western Europe became more interested in democracy and free trade • Stalin and the Soviet Union did not want to withdraw their troops from Iran • Britain was helping Greece fight communism • On March 12, 1947, Truman went before Congress and asked for $400 million dollars to “fight” communism in Greece and Turkey

20. Containment

21. Cuba during the Cold War Mr. Trotman

22. Cuba • Cuba is only 90 miles from Florida • Fidel Castro overthrew another corrupt Cuban dictator in 1959. • Immediately, Castro (communist) became allies with the USSR. • Communism had spread very close to America which worried many people.

23. Bay of Pigs Invasion • President Kennedy agreed to arm and train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. • However, on April 17, 1961, 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs. • The invasion was a disaster and the United States tried to avoid involvement but it was too late. • The United States looked embarrassed, weak, and disorganized.

24. The Cuban Missile Crisis • One year after the Berlin Wall went up, the Soviet Union began placing long-range missiles in Cuba. • The U.S. felt threatened and began negotiating with the Soviets • In 1963, both sides agreed to ban the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

25. Cold War Spreads to Asia

26. The China/ Taiwan Separation Mr. Trotman

27. Revolution in China Communist Democratic Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek The U.S. sent $2 billion to aid the Nationalist government . However, they misused the money and militarily lost The U.S. stopped sending the Nationalist money and began supporting the small island of Taiwan • Communist forces led by Mao Zedong • Captured Beijing and moved southward • Mainland China became communist in October 1949

28. What Mao did… • Mao took over mainland China and called the nation the People’s Republic of China. • Mao practiced a policy of harsh practices to encourage the Chinese to embrace communism • Punished, brainwashed, tortured, and killed • Mao called his policies a “Cultural Revolution” • Used Red Guards to enforce policies • China’s economy fell

29. CHINA TAIWAN

30. Results of Communism • Soviets and China had signed a treaty of alliance • Soviets had successfully tested its first atomic weapon • The United States only maintained a diplomatic relationship with Taiwan Nationalists • Japan had surrendered to the US and General Doulas MacArthur introduced democracy to Japan. • Under democracy, Japan’s industrial economy flourished • Japan became a key location to defending Asia

31. The Korean War Mr. Trotman

32. The Korean War • At the end of WWII, the USSR controlled North Korea while the U.S. controlled South Korea. They divided Korea at the 38th parallel. • When the U.S./USSR rivalry increased, a communist government was formed in North Korea was established and a democratic government in South Korea.

33. The Korean War • Both governments wanted all of Korea and in June 1950, the Korean War began. The U.S. and UN stepped in to help the South and the Chinese helped the North. • A stalemate eventually happened and both Koreas remain divided today.

34. Korean War • Korea was controlled by Japan from 1910-1945 • 1945- Korea divided • North: supported by Soviets • South: supported by the US • 1950- North attacked the South. Communists threatened to take over • Fighting lasted for three years and 33,600 American soldiers did in action • Sometimes is called “The Forgotten War”

35. The Korean War The Korean War memorial is located in Washington D.C.

36. The Korean War

37. The Vietnam War Mr. Trotman

38. Background Information • In the 1950s, Americans were very concern about the spread of communism. • Role of French Imperialism • had control of Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia • Japan took areas during WWII • France regained after war • Nationalists and Communists did not want to be under the control of France again

39. Vietnam War • Ho Chi Minh helped the Communist party rise to power • He spent years in exile in the Soviet Union • Later he returned and organizer the Vietminh to overthrow the Japanese • The Communist wanted full independence fro France. • America was in a tough position • Support an independent Communist government • or support French colonialism, which they did not want either.

40. Vietnam War Geneva Accords Vietnam was temporarily divided (North and South) and asked to hold free elections within the year Conference decided to split Vietnam into 2 zones North: Ho Chi Minh/Communists South: elected government Cambodia and Laos were also set free from French imperialism • Domino Theory: The US believed that if one country became communist, its neighbors would fall to the communists • However, the French were militarily humiliated at Dien Bien Phuand agreed to withdraw from the region.

41. A Divided Vietnam

42. Vietnam War South-Ngo Dinh Diem The War Seemed Hopeless First the US sent supplies, then it sent troops Americans did not want to enter the war American soldiers were dying, people were protesting in the US There did not seem to be an end in sight 1973- the US withdrew its troops 58,000 killed 365,000 injured • Strict Catholic • Banned flags resembling Buddha • Became unpopular • The U.S. got very involved with the war • Overthrown and executed by his own generals • The Vietcong (Communist guerrilla fighters) attempted to take the South in 1957

43. The Cambodian Genocide Mr. Trotman

44. Geography • Cambodia borders Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and the Gulf of Thailand. • It is slightly smaller than Oklahoma • It has mostly low, flat plains and some mountains in southwest and north • It’s natural resources include oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganeseand phosphates

45. History • Cambodia was colonized by the French, taken over by the Japanese in WWII, and handed power after the war. • Cambodia had medieval success during the Angkorian period began in AD 802-1431. • It was rich and a royal society.

46. United States after WWII • The United States is a democratic country which promotes democracy • During the Cold War, the United States was competing against the other great superpower, the USSR. • The U.S. practiced a policy known as “containment” in order to “contain” communism. • The USSR was communist.

47. Cambodian Genocide • The Vietnam War had spilled over into neighboring Cambodia. A civil war broke out and a communist leader named Pol Pot organized a coup of the Cambodian government. • Pol Pot called his regime the Khmer Rouge

48. The Cambodian Genocide • He wanted to bring Cambodia to its original glory through dictatorship and communist ideals. • The population must, they believed, be made to work as laborers in one huge federation of collective farms.

49. The Cambodian Genocide • All political and civil rights were abolished. Children were taken from their parents and placed in separate forced labor camps. • Factories, schools and universities were shut down; so were hospitals. Lawyers, doctors, teachers, engineers, scientists and professional people in any field (including the army) were murdered, together with their extended families.

50. The Cambodian Genocide • Religion was banned, all leading Buddhist monks were killed and almost all temples destroyed. • Music and radio sets were also banned. It was possible for people to be shot simply for knowing a foreign language, wearing glasses, laughing, or crying. • One Khmer slogan ran 'To spare you is no profit, to destroy you is no loss.'