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Environmental signals

Explore the significance of food location signals in the animal kingdom, including costs, benefits, types of signals, and examples from various species. Learn about predator detection signals, alarm calls, referential signaling, and inter-trophic level signaling.

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Environmental signals

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  1. Environmental signals • Resource recruitment signals • Costs and benefits • Types • Examples • Predator detection signals • Types • Examples

  2. Give Game

  3. Why signal food location? • Costs • Increases competition • Signal production takes time and energy • Potential Benefits • Increasing number of foragers improves foraging success and/or decreases predation risk • Increases reproduction of relatives • Food may allow long-term survival of group which increases chance of discovering sites in future

  4. Types of location signals • Discoverer broadcasts signal from the resource and receivers recruit to the site • Discoverer goes to receivers (often at nest or colony), communicates discovery, and then leads receivers to site • Discoverer goes to receivers and provides directional information about site

  5. Ravens recruit to carcasses

  6. Cliff swallow recruitment calls

  7. Food signalling by osprey Males give display to females after catching preferred fish

  8. Rhesus macaque food calls

  9. Chimpanzee pant-hoots Pant-hoots advertise discovery of divisible food and are given by males Grunts are given for any amount of preferred food

  10. Mole rats recruit to roots

  11. Food recruitment in ants

  12. Food recruitment in honey bees:dance angle indicates direction

  13. Dance duration indicates distance

  14. Dance divergence indicates patch size

  15. Advertisement distance is constrained by dance duration

  16. Bee dialects reflect foraging distances

  17. Azimuth encoding in bee dances

  18. Summary of food-associated signals Vertebrates: Food signalling is rare. Most signals occur at food (except mole-rats) Social insects: Food signalling is common. Signals to food from hive using pheromones or “language”

  19. Predator alarm signals • Cause • Alert conspecifics • Deter predator • Types • Low risk - elicit scans • Predator inspection and mobbing signals • High risk - prompts escape • Distress signals

  20. Private alarm calls

  21. Benefits of alarm calls

  22. Ground squirrel alarm calls

  23. Alarm calls do not coordinate movements

  24. Alarm calls differ by age and sex

  25. Alarm calls and kinship

  26. Referential signalling • Do alarm calls convey information about predator type or just urgency associated with potential attack?

  27. Vervet alarm calls

  28. Alarm calls refer to predators

  29. Development of vervet alarm calls

  30. Vervet calls, relatedness and dominance

  31. Meerkat alarm calls signal predator class and urgency

  32. Intertrophic level signalling • Detection notification signals • Condition notification signals • Aposematic signals • Distress signals

  33. Predator notification displays

  34. Aposemitism Prey advertise taste to predators Initial evolution requires kin groups Can be invaded by mimics, but must remain at low frequencies

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