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Nationalism in Europe

Nationalism in Europe. Nationalism and Political Revolutions. Revolutionary outburst in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s were the result of liberalism and nationalism. The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to monarchy in France

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Nationalism in Europe

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  1. Nationalism in Europe

  2. Nationalism and Political Revolutions • Revolutionary outburst in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s were the result of liberalism and nationalism. • The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to monarchy in France • Germany’s attempt to unify in 1848 was unsuccessful; Italy’s unification effort the same year also failed.

  3. Nationalism and Political Revolutions • Revolutions supporting individual legislatures within the multinational Austrian Empire failed. • Territory disputes over the Balkan territories led to the Crimean War, breaking up the alliances created by the Congress of Vienna.

  4. Nationalism • A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country

  5. Unification of Germany • Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands. • Many Germans resented Napoleon and his changes. • As people fought to free their lands from French rule, they began to demand a unified state. • Napoleon’s defeat did not resolve the issue, the Congress of Vienna did not unify German but crafted a weak alliance headed by Austria. • In 1848, liberals again demanded German political unity. They offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but he refused it.

  6. Bismarck and German Unity • In 1862, Otto von Bismarck was made chancellor, or prime minister, of Prussia. Within a decade, Bismarck had united the German states under Prussia. • Bismarck was a master of Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on the needs of the state. He valued power over principles. • Bismarck strengthened the army in preparation for pursuing an aggressive foreign policy.

  7. Bismarck and German Unity • The German military under Bismarck fought wars against France and Austria to gain territory on their borders. • In 1864, Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria. Together, they seized the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark and divided up the spoils. • In 1866, Bismarck attacked and defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, and then annexed, or took control of, several north German states. • In 1870, Bismarck provoked France into the Franco-Prussian War and quickly claimed victory.

  8. The German Empire • William I of Prussia was given the title kaiser, or emperor. • In 1871, German nationalists proclaimed the birth of the Second Reich, or empire. (Considered it the heir to the HRE)

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  10. Unification of Italy • Nationalism also helped unify Italy into a strong European state. • The Italian city-states had a shared culture and spoken language.

  11. Decline of the Austrian Empire • The Hapsburgs presided over a multinational empire, yet continued to ignore the urgent demands of nationalists. • Less than a quarter of their subjects were German speaking Austrians. • The reforms failed to satisfy the many nationalist groups that wanted self-government.

  12. Dual Monarchy • Austria’s defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. • This pressure led to the creation of a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. • Under the Dual Monarchy: • Austria and Hungary were separate states.

  13. Balkan Nationalism • A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans. • Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. • There were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. • The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. • During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independentstates. • European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples

  14. The Balkans, 1878

  15. Assessment • What factor helped unify both Germany and Italy while dividing Austria and the Ottomans?

  16. Assessment • Which German political leader helped unify and strengthen the German empire?

  17. Assessment • What was the Machiavellian political theory used by Bismarck that valued power over principles called?

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