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Bacteria

Bacteria Section 19–1 This section describes two groups of prokaryotes and explains how they differ. It also explains what factors are used to identify prokaryotes. Introduction What are prokaryotes? They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. Introduction

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Bacteria

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  1. Bacteria Section 19–1 This section describes two groups of prokaryotes and explains how they differ. It also explains what factors are used to identify prokaryotes.

  2. Introduction • What are prokaryotes? • They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

  3. Introduction Is the following sentence true or false? • Prokaryotes are much smaller that most Eukaryote cells. • true

  4. Classifying Prokaryotes • What are the two different groups of prokaryotes? • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria

  5. Classifying Prokaryotes • Which is the larger of the two kingdoms of prokaryotes? • Eubacteria

  6. Classifying Prokaryotes • Where do eubacteria live? • They live almost everywhere—including in water, on land, and on and within the human body .

  7. Classifying Prokaryotes • What protects a prokaryotic cell from injury? • The cell wall protects it.

  8. Classifying Prokaryotes • Circle the letter of what is within the cell wall of a prokaryote. • cell membrane

  9. Classifying Prokaryotes • What is peptidoglycan? • It is a carbohydrate in the cell walls of eubacteria.

  10. Classifying Prokaryotes • Some eubacteria have a second_____outside the cell membrane. • membrane

  11. Classifying Prokaryotes • Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about archaebacteria. • Their membrane lipids are different from those of eubacteria. • They lack peptidoglycan. • They look very similar to eubacteria.

  12. Classifying Prokaryotes • What is significant about the DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes? • They are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria.

  13. Classifying Prokaryotes • How are archaebacteria related to eukaryotes? • Scientist reason that archaebacteria may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.

  14. Chapter 19, Bacteria and Viruses • What are methanogens, and where do they live? • They are prokaryotes that produce methane gas. They live in oxygen-free environments, such as thick mud and the digestive tracts of animals.

  15. Identifying Prokaryotes • Complete the illustration of a typical prokaryote by labeling the parts.

  16. Identifying Prokaryotes • What are four characteristics used to identify prokaryotes? • Their shape • The chemical nature of their cell walls • The way they move • The way they obtain energy

  17. Identifying Prokaryotes What are each of the differently shaped prokaryotes called? • The rod-shaped are called bacilli • The spherical-shaped are called cocci • The corkscrew shaped are called spirilla

  18. Identifying Prokaryotes • A method of telling two different types of eubacteria apart by using dyes is called_____. • Gram staining

  19. Identifying Prokaryotes • What colors are Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under the microscope when treated with gram stain____? • Gram-positive bacteria appear violet, and Gram-negative bacteria appear red.

  20. Identifying Prokaryotes • What are flagella? • They are whiplike structures used for movement.

  21. Identifying Prokaryotes • Is the following sentence true or false? Some prokaryotes do not move at all. • true

  22. Metabolic Diversity Complete the table about prokaryotes classified by the way they obtain energy.

  23. Metabolic Diversity • Members of which group of photoautotrophs contain a bluish pigment and chlorophyll a? • Cyanobacteria

  24. Metabolic Diversity • How do the chemoautotrophs that live near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor obtain energy? • They obtain energy from hydrogen sulfide gas that flows from the vents.

  25. Complete the table about prokaryotes classified by the way they release energy.

  26. Metabolic Diversity • Facultative anaerobes can switch between cellular respiration and____. • fermentation

  27. Growth and Reproduction • What occurs in the process of binary fission? • It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryote grows to nearly double its size, replicates its DNA, and divides in half, producing two identical “daughter” cells.

  28. Growth and Reproduction What happens during conjugation? • A hollow bridge forms between two cells, and genes move from one cell to the other.

  29. Growth and Reproduction • Is the following sentence true or false? • Most prokaryotes reproduce by conjugation. • false

  30. Bacteria and Viruses • What is an endospore? • It is a type of spore that is formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm.

  31. Importance of Bacteria • How do decomposers help the ecosystem recycle nutrients when a tree dies? • Armies of bacteria attack and digest the dead tissue. The bacteria break down dead matter into simpler materials, which are released into the soil.

  32. Importance of Bacteria • What would happen to plants and animals if decomposers did not recycle nutrients? • Plants would drain the soil of minerals and die, and animals that depend on plants for food would starve.

  33. Importance of Bacteria Why do plants and animals need nitrogen? • They need nitrogen to make amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

  34. Importance of Bacteria How does nitrogen fixation help plants? • Plants use the nitrogen to build amino acids.

  35. Importance of Bacteria What kind of relationship do many plants have with nitrogen-fixing bacteria? • They have symbiotic relationships.

  36. Importance of Bacteria • How can bacteria be used to clean up an oil spill? • One type of bacterium can digest petroleum.

  37. Importance of Bacteria • What have biotechnology companies begun to realize about bacteria adapted to extreme environments? ______ • Those bacteria may be a rich source of heat-stable enzymes, which can be used in medicine, food production, and industrial chemistry.

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