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91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check (stamped) 92. Karyotype Lab (graded)

91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check (stamped) 92. Karyotype Lab (graded) 93. Intro to Genetics Reading Guide (stamped) 94. Genetics Notes 95. Punnett Squares 96. More Punnett Square Practice 97. Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules 98. Oompah Loompa’s (stamped?)

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91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check (stamped) 92. Karyotype Lab (graded)

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  1. 91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check (stamped) • 92. Karyotype Lab (graded) • 93. Intro to Genetics Reading Guide (stamped) • 94. Genetics Notes • 95. Punnett Squares • 96. More Punnett Square Practice • 97. Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules • 98. OompahLoompa’s (stamped?) • 99. Progress Report #6 (stamped) • 100. POP QUIZ! • 101. Pedigrees (a & b) • 102. Ugly Baby Lab • 103. Genetic Disorders (stamped) • 104. Genetic Technology (a. notes & b. activity sheet) • 105. Progress Report #7 (stamped) • 106. Biotechnology Review • 107. Genetics Practice • 108. Genetics Notebook Check – starts on 3/31/11

  2. Important dates! • 3/31 & 4/4 Genetics Unit TESTand Notebook Checks! • 4/1 Teacher Workday! • Castle Learning Practice/Extra Credit closes on 3/30 at midnight!

  3. AMNIOCENTESIS a medical procedure used to diagnose chromosomal disorders in a developing fetus. A small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the DNA is examined.

  4. GENETICS #94 • Gregor Mendel = father of heredity • Mid 1800s • Studied garden pea plants (because they could produce purebredindividuals) • Studied how traits were passed from one generation to the next

  5. Mendel came up with several important concepts • Parents pass on genes • For each trait, an organism has 2 genes (1 allele from Mom and 1 from Dad) • Alleles can be dominant and recessive • Tall plants could equal TT or Tt, short = tt • Genotype= genetic make-up for trait (TT) • Phenotype= physical look of trait (tall)

  6. Law of Dominance • If organisms contain two identicalalleles for a trait, it shows that trait. • Curly hair = HH • Straight hair = hh • If organisms contain two differentalleles for a trait, it shows the dominant trait. • Curly hair = Hh Homozygous alleles heterozygous alleles

  7. Punnett Squares Used to predict the possible combinations of dominant and recessive alleles in the offspring. Genotypic ratio = 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr Phenotypic ratio = 3 pink : 1 yellow

  8. Determining Gender! • Dad = XY, some sperm have X, some have Y • Mom = XX, all eggs have X because that’s all Mom has to donate • Who determines gender of baby – Mom or Dad?

  9. Law of Independent Assortment The genes for traits found on different chromosomes separate independently when gametes are made.

  10. Test Cross A deliberate genetic cross with a homozygous recessive individual that can be used to determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous dominant for a trait. ?

  11. Phenotype is a mix of geneticsand environment Nature vs. Nurture Debate

  12. #96 More Punnett Square Practice (make Punnett Squares & describe offspring using genotypic and phenotypic ratios) • Green pea plant (GG) X Green pea plant (Gg) • Tall plant (TT) X short plant (tt) • Two tall plants (Tt) • Two white flowers (white = recessive) • Homozygous red flower X white flower • Homozygous dominant brown mouse X heterozygous brown mouse (tan = recessive) • Heterozygous white rabbit X black rabbit. • Two heterozygous white rabbits. (black = rec) • How would you figure out if a purple plant (dominant) is heterozygous vs. homozygous?

  13. GENOTYPIC RATIO PHENOTYPIC RATIO

  14. Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules Sometimes genetics isn’t always as simple as Mendel’s Law of Dominance #97

  15. Incomplete Dominance • Heterozygote is a BLEND of the 2 homozygotes • RR = red flowers • rr = white flowers • Rr = PINK flowers • Cross two pink flowers. • Genotypic ratio 1:2:1 • Phenotypic ratio 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white

  16. Codominance • Heterozygote show BOTH traits • BB = black cows • WW = white cows • BW = black & white • BB X WW • All BW offspring • Genotypic ratio = 0:4:0 • Phenotypic ratio = 0:4:0

  17. Multiple Alleles • Traits that have more than two alleles. • Blood types – • 3 alleles • A and B are co-dominant • O is recessive to A and B • 4 phenotypes • 1)Type A • blood contains “A” proteins • genotype: AA or AO

  18. 2) Type B • blood contains “B” proteins • (genotype: BB or BO) • 3)Type AB • blood contains both proteins • genotype: AB • 4) Type O • neither protein present in blood • Genotype: OO • AB is an example of ________________.

  19. Polygenic Inheritance • Several genes are inherited from each parent for 1 trait. • Many possible phenotypes. • Examples: skin color, eye color, height, weight • ABC, ABc, AbC, aBC = dark • abc, abC, Abc, aBc= light

  20. Sex-Linked Traits • Located on X chromosome • Females are only carriers • Mostly males are affected • Colorblindness, hemophilia, baldness • XBXB = normal female • XBXb= carrier female • XbXb= colorblind female • XBY= normal male • XbY= colorblind male • Cross a carrier female with a normal male. Explain the possible offspring.

  21. #98

  22. Genetic technology #104A Human Genome - identifying the 30,000+ genes in human DNA and the order of the bases A, C, T, and G. • Discovering new ways to diagnose, treat & prevent genetic disorders • Trying to identify the location of all genes on chromosomes • To sequence DNA, scientists userestriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis

  23. Applications of Biotechnology • DNA fingerprints • Analyzing the sequences of DNA to determine similarities or differences between different samples of DNA • Restriction enzymes • Cut fragments of DNA so that scientists can place them on gel electrophoresis • Steps of gel electrophoresis:

  24. Steps of Gel Electrophoresis • Blood/cell sample is isolated • Extract DNA • Cut DNA using restriction enzymes • Place fragments on gel • Fragments separated by electrical current • DNA bands can be matched/compared

  25. 3. Transgenic organisms • Have DNA from another species inserted into their own DNA • Restriction enzymes cut plasmid DNA (circular, not chromosomal) and foreign DNA • “Stick” them together – makes recombinant DNA 4. Amniocentesis (see karyotype lab) 5. Cloning- making genetically identical organisms • 4 steps: (see page 333)

  26. Genetics Review WHAT ARE THESE THINGS?? Gel electrophoresis video

  27. WHAT PROCESS? # THE STEPS!

  28. Refers to an individual’s observable traits. • Which of the following describes a phenotype? a. Gg b. homozygous c. dimples d. heterozygous • What term describes an organism in which two alleles for a trait are different? • Crossing a purebred, purple-flowered plant with a purebred, white-flowered plant can be symbolized by which of the following genotype crosses? a. Ff X ff b. FF X ff c. Ff X Ff d. FF X FF 5. Two pea plants are crossed, TT X tt. Make a Punnett Square. Write the genotypic ratio. 6. AB blood is a result of what type of inheritance? 7. Know how to determine genotypic & phenotypic ratios… 8. Know how to analyze pedigrees…

  29. 9. White short-horned cattle and Black Angus cattle have been crossed to produce offspring with superior beef and rapid growth qualities. The process of choosing organisms with the most desirable traits for mating is… 10. Non-disjunction involving the X chromosome occurs during oogenesis and produces XX eggs and 0 eggs. If normal Y sperm fertilize the eggs, which genotypes are possible? a. XX &XY b. XXY &YO c. XYY & X0 d. XYY & X0 11.Huntington’s disease is what type of disease? 12. What is the job of a restriction enzyme? 13. A male with IAIB blood has a wife with O blood. What are the possible blood types of any children they may have? 14. Scientists have cloned sheep, but not yet a human. Why not, do you think? 15. What is a transgenic organism?

  30. 15 16 • Individual showing the trait being tracked • Male • Generation # • Offspring with birth order left to right • Female • Marriage/mating • Sex undetermined 17 18 I, II, III, IV 19 20 21

  31. Words To Know • 10. Karyotype • 11.Cloning • 12. Test cross • 13. Sex-linked vs. autosomal • 14. mRNA vs. tRNA • 15. Synapsis • 16. Crossing Over • 17. Non-disjunction • 18. Diploid vs. haploid • 19. DNA fingerprint • 20. Trisomy • Pleiotropy • Codominance • Incomplete dominance • Polygenic Inheritance • Homozygous vs. heterozygous • Plasmid • Alleles • Replication, Transcription & Translation • Recombinant DNA

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