Plantae

1. Plantae

2. Distinguishing Characteristics • All plants are multicellular • All plants are autotrophic • Some plants have specialized tissues called xylem & phloem • All plants reproduce sexually, and a few can also reproduce asexually • Very important to the balance in ecosystems because of their ability to create glucose, oxygen, and provide food & shelter to other organisms.

3. Method of Nutrition • Completely autotrophic – *Even the plants that are referred to as “carnivorous” are autotrophic. Carnivorous plants still photosynthesize for their glucose, and get minerals/vitamins from the insects and small animals that they breakdown.

4. Method of Reproduction • All plants reproduce sexually via sperm & egg • Some plants also reproduce asexually * Roots - shoots & suckers * Stems - stolons, runners, rhizomes, bulbs, corms, or tubers *Leaves - plantlets

5. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Bulbs Sucker Plantlets Tubers Stolon

6. Sexual Reproduction in Plants Non-vascular - Liverwort Vascular Flowering Plant

7. The Good and the Bad • Produce a large amount of oxygen for our biosphere • Begin most food chains on our planet (exception – aquatic food chains that start with a photosynthetic protists) • Provide shelter for other organisms • Many have medicinal qualities that humans use • Textiles & fabrics for clothing • Building materials • Breakdown & become soil • Help prevent soil erosion • Aesthetically pleasing • Many are edible & are a direct way that humans can get energy (glucose) • Introduced species can become problematic * definition on next slide • Can cause disease/illness in humans and animals  Poison Ivy = Toxicodendron radicans

8. Introduced/Invasive Species Plants non-native to an area (don’t naturally grow there; are brought in). Can grow rapidly because there are no natural competitors in the new area. Example ~ Kudzu

9. Four Separate Groups of Plants

10. Non Vascular Plants • Live in damp, dimly lit (=shady) areas. • Have no specialized tissues (xylem or phloem) or systems (i.e. roots, stems, or leaves) that move water & nutrients throughout the plant. • These plants depend on diffusion to move water between cells. & are therefore, very small. • These primitive plants do not make pollen (a protective covering around sperm), so they have to live in moist areas for reproductive purposes. Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Monoclea forsteri Phaeoceros laevis Sphagnum flexuosum

11. Seedless Vascular Plants • Because these plants have vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients, they can be larger than the nonvascular plants. • Reproduce sexually. But still have to live in moist environments for sexual reproduction to occur because they do not make pollen. • Similar to their nonvascular counterparts, these vascular plants produce spores as a result of sexual reproduction. • Help form soil, help prevent soil erosion, help form communities in new ecosystems, some are edible by humans, vascular ancient ancestors created fossil fuels, and some are even used in dietary supplements, shampoos, and skin-care products. Horsetails Ferns Club Mosses

12. Seed Bearing Vascular Plants • Has vascular tissue and more complex systems than their primitive relatives (ferns, horsetails, & club mosses). • Can live in drier areas because the sperm cells of these plants are protected by pollen capsules. • Sexual reproduction in this group produces seeds instead of spores. • The pollen and seeds involved in the life cycle of seed bearing vascular plants allow for more genetic variation. Nonflowering Gymnosperms Flowering Angiosperms Lillumrubescens Monocots & Dicots Includes trees, shrubs, grasses, weeds, & many flowering plants For example: roses, apple trees, dandelions, corn, strawberries, tulips, & lilies) Pseudotsugamenziesii) Seeds are protected by cones (i.e. conifers, cycads, & ginkgoes)