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Grammar 1

Grammar 1. The preterite tense. The imperfect tense. Using the imperfect and preterite together. The imperfect continuous. The perfect tense. The pluperfect tense. Commands. The preterite tense 1. The PRETERITE tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It is used:

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Grammar 1

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  1. Grammar 1 The preterite tense The imperfect tense Using the imperfect and preterite together The imperfect continuous The perfect tense The pluperfect tense Commands

  2. The preterite tense 1 • ThePRETERITEtense is used to talk about completed actions in • the past.It is used: • 1. intelling storiesand fornon descriptive events. • 2. for actions thatwere completed in the past. (FINISHED events) • 3. for actions in the pastwhichhappened only once. (SINGLE events) • for actions that were repeated but finished in the past. (REPEATED events) • for actions that werepart of a chain of events. (CHAIN events) • for actions that took place over a specific period of time. • It can be used with the following expressions of time: ayer, anteayer, la semana pasada, el mes/año pasado, el otro día, hace dos días/semanas/meses, el domingo, en 1950, en Navidad… • Examples: • Viví cinco años en Madrid.I lived in Madrid for five years. • Él cenó, vio la tele y se acostó. He had dinner, watched TV and went to bed. • Ayer te llamé por teléfono.I rang you yesterday.

  3. The preterite tense 2 There are two sets of regular endings to learn: 1. -AR 2. -ER/ -IR As with other tenses you have to: 1. take the infinitive. 2. take off the infinitive ending. 3. add the endings for the tense. -AR endings -ER / -IR endings Notice the ‘we’ ending in –AR and –IR verbs is the same as in the present tense. -é -aste -ó -amos -asteis -aron -í -iste -ió -imos -isteis -ieron

  4. The preterite tense 3 habl habl habl habl habl habl Regular -AR verbs hablar =to speak / talk é I spoke, I did speak. You spoke, you did speak. aste He /she/ it spoke, did speak. ó amos We spoke, we did speak. asteis You spoke, you did speak. aron They spoke, they did speak.

  5. The preterite tense 4 Regular -AR verbs Choose 3 of the verbs below and write them out in full: aceptar = to accept cantar = to sing llenar = to fill amar = to love charlar = to chat llorar = to cry arreglar = to fix dibujar = to draw mirar = to look at ayudar = to help entrar = to go in saltar = to jump bajar = to go down ganar = to win viajar = to travel bailar = to dance lavar = to wash

  6. The preterite tense 5

  7. The preterite tense 6 com com com com com com Regular -ER verbs comer =to eat í I ate, I did eat. iste You ate, you did eat. ió He / she / it ate, did eat. imos We ate, we did eat. isteis You ate, you did eat. ieron They ate, they did eat.

  8. The preterite tense 7 Regular -ER verbs Practise saying or writing out these other verbs. beber = to drink meter = to put correr = to run vender = to sell coser = to sew

  9. The preterite tense 8

  10. The preterite tense 9 abr abr abr abr abr abr Regular -IR verbs ABRIR=to open I opened, I did open. í iste You opened, you did open. ió He / she / it opened, did open. imos We opened, we did open. isteis You opened, you did open. ieron They opened, they did open.

  11. The preterite tense 10 Regular -IR verbs Practise saying or writing out these other verbs. Like ABRIR batir = to beat escribir = to write cubrir = to cover permitir = to allow recibir = to receive

  12. The preterite tense 11

  13. The preterite tense 12 Stem changing verbs The first group of irregular verbs are only slightly irregular as they show stem changes* in thefirst person singular only. There are three types: 1. Verbs which end in–GARchange toGUÉ 2. Verbs which end in–CARchange toQUÉ 3. Verbs which end in–ZARchange toCÉ jugar = to play juguéI played jugaste you played jugó he/she/it played jugamos we played jugasteis you played jugaron they played explicar = to explain expliquéI explained explicaste you explained explicó he/she/it explained explicamos we explained explicasteis you explained explicaron they explained cruzar = to cross crucéI crossed cruzaste you crossed cruzó he/she/it crossed cruzamos we crossed cruzasteis you crossed cruzaron they crossed

  14. The preterite tense 13 Stem changing verbs The following verbs work in the same way. Can you write out three of them in full? apagar = to put out acercarse = to approach cazar = to hunt cargar = to load atacar = to attack empezar = to begin descargar = to unload buscar = to look for organizar = to organize entregar = to hand over secar = to dry rezar = to pray llegar = to arrive pescar = to fish utilizar = to use navegar = to sail chocar contra = to crash into pagar = to pay sacar = to take out regar= to water marcar = to score a goal, tocar= to touch dial a number

  15. The preterite tense 14 Stem changing verbs For verbs ending in -aer, -eer, -oír and -oer changes occur in the 3rd person forms (singular & plural): -ió changes to -yo; -ieron changes to -yeron. For verbs ending in -uirchanges occur in the same way. Verb 1st person 3rd person 3rd person singular singular plural caer* = to fall caí cayó cayeron creer* = to believe creí creyó creyeron leer* = to read leí leyó leyeron oír* = to hear oí oyó oyeron roer* = to nibble roí royó royeron destruir =to destroy destruí destruyó destruyeron construir =to build construí construyó construyeron huir = to run away huí huyó huyeron

  16. The preterite tense 15 Stem change verbs -ar and -er verbs that change their stem in the present tense donot change in the preterite. PresentPreterite cierro cerré cierras cerraste cierra cerró cerramos cerramos cerráis cerrasteis cierran cerraron

  17. The preterite tense 16 Stem change verbs -ir verbs that change their stem in the present do change in the preterite. 1. o > u– the first change is o > u and it occurs in the third person forms (singular & plural). dormí durmió durmieron DORMIR morí murió murieron MORIR

  18. The preterite tense 17 The second stem change group in -ir verbs. 2. e > i Changes also occur in the third person forms (singular & plural). PEDIR pedí pidió pidieron PREFERIR preferí prefirió prefirieron En el restaurante Paco pidió tortilla de jamón. Paco asked for ham omelette in the restaurant. Mis amigos pidieron una paella enorme. My friends ordered an enormous paella.

  19. The preterite tense 18 What would the third person singular and plural be for each of the verbs below? despedirse de = to say goodbye to divertirse = to enjoy oneself hervir = to boil pedir = to ask for preferir = to prefer rendirse = to surrender repetir = to repeat seguir = to follow sentir = to feel, to be sorry servir = to serve vestirse = to get dressed se despidió se despidieron se divirtió se divirtieron hirvió hirvieron pidió pidieron prefirió prefirieron rindió rindieron repitió repitieron siguió siguieron sintió sintieron sirvió sirvieron se vistió se vistieron

  20. The preterite tense 19 The last group of irregular verbs in the preterite tense is easy once you have learnt the first person singular! PONER = to put There are no accents on these verbs. Just learn the first person and then put the endings on the new stem. The endings are almost the same as for regular -er and -ir verbs. Can you spot the differences? puse I put pusiste You put puso He / she / it put pusimos We put pusisteis You put pusieron They put

  21. The preterite tense 20 Verbs which follow the same pattern as poner: Verb stem 1st person andar - to walk anduv anduve estar - to be estuv estuve obtener - to obtain obtuv obtuve tener - to have tuv tuve hacer - to do hic hice poder - to be able pud pude saber - to know sup supe suponer - to suppose supus supuse venir - to come vin vine querer - to love/want quis quise conducir - to drive conduj conduje traer - to bring traj traje producir - to produce produj produje decir* - to say dij dije Endings -e -iste -o -imos -isteis -ieron Note: hacer has a different stem in the 3rd person singular –hizo

  22. The preterite tense 21 Some very important verbs! hacer = to do / make hice I did / I made hiciste You did / you made hizo He/she/it did / made hicimos We did / we made hicisteis You did / you made hicieron They did / they made estar = to be estuve I was estuviste You were estuvo He/she/it was estuvimos We were estuvisteis You were estuvieron They were ser = to be + ir = to go I was fui I went You were fuiste You went He/she/it was fue He/she/ it went We were fuimos We went You were fuisteis You went They were fueron They went Notice ser and ir share the same forms

  23. The preterite tense 22 estar, ir, hacer and ser Practise using the preterite of estar, ir, hacer and ser by writing out these sentences in Spanish. • Yesterday I went to the cinema. • It was a fantastic film. • Before I went to the cinema I did my homework. • He was a great soldier and a wonderful father. • My grandfather went to Australia in 1960. • They went to the hairdresser’s. • The boys made their beds for the first time! • It was a great day and the weather was very good.

  24. The preterite tense 23 estar, ir, hacer and ser 1. Ayer fui al cine. 2. Fue una película fenomenal. 3. Antes de ir al cine hice los deberes. 4. Fue un gran soldado y un padre maravilloso. 5. Mi abuelo se fue a Australia en mil novecientos sesenta (1960). 6. Fueron a la peluquería. 7. ¡Por primera vez los chicos hicieron sus camas! 8. Fue un día fantástico e hizo muy buen tiempo. menu

  25. The imperfect tense 1 • The imperfect tense is used to talk about the past. Whereas the preterite describes a single completed action in the past, theimperfect tense... • describes something that happened frequently or regularly in the past. • is used fordescriptionsin the past, such as describing what theweatherwas like or giving your opinion of something you did (characteristics of people, things or conditions). • tells us what somethingused tobe like. • describes something that went on for along period of time. • is used for telling the time. • is used for telling one’s age.

  26. The imperfect tense 2 • This tense is used in the following different ways: • 1. To describe actions, people or things in the past. • 2. To describe an actionthat started in the pastandwas going onorcontinuedin the past. • 3. To describe actions thatused to be done frequentlyin the past. • To describe thing(s) whichwere going onin the pastbefore another event started. • For telling the time. • For telling one’s age. • The imperfect tense translates any of thefollowingEnglish clue words or phrases: • Iwas eating. Weweretalking. • I usedto eat. Shewasan interesting teacher.

  27. The imperfect tense 3 Main uses of the imperfect 1. Generaldescriptions in the past. Example: La casa era enorme. The housewasenormous. Describing what theweatherwas like. Example: De vez en cuando hacía sol. From time to timeit wassunny. Giving youropinionof something you did. Example: Comí pollo, estaba muy rico. I ate chicken,it wasdelicious.

  28. The imperfect tense 4 2. Saying what somethingused to beorwould belike. Examples: – Cuando era joven, comía muchos caramelos. WhenI wasyoung,Iused to eat lotsof sweets. – Cuandovisitábamosa nuestros parientes nosdabanregalos y revistas. When weused to visitour relatives theywould give uspresents and magazines. Both of these examples describe things and events that wererepeatedin the past.

  29. The imperfect tense 5 3. Describing something that happenedfrequentlyorregularlyin the past. Examples: – Cuando tenía10 diez años,hacíanatación dos veces por semana. WhenI was10 years old,I wentswimming twice a week. – Durante mis vacaciones del verano pasadome levantabatemprano,desayunabaeibaa la playa. During my holidays last summerI used toget up early,have breakfast andgoto the beach.

  30. The imperfect tense 6 4.Describing something that went on for a long period of time. Examples: – Cuandoerajoven,vivíaen el campo yteníamosdos gatos. When Iwasyoung, Ilived in the country and wehadtwo cats. – Cuandoíbamosal campopodíanadar en el río y dar un paseo. When wewentto the country Icould swim in the river and go for a walk.

  31. The imperfect tense 7 5. For telling the time. Example: – Eran las dos de la mañana. Itwastwo o’clock in the morning. 6. For telling one’s age. Example: – El niñoteníatres años. The boy wasthree years old.

  32. The imperfect tense 8 7.Was…doingandwere…doing If you want to translatewasorwere doing something, you must use theimperfect tense. These are the clue phrases that help you identify the tense and mean you must use the imperfect tense. Examples: – Hacíalos deberes cuando mi madre regresó a la casa. Iwasdoingmy homework when my mother came home. – Jugábamosal fútbol cuando empezó a llover. We wereplayingfootball when it started to rain.

  33. The imperfect tense 9 There are a number of useful words that can indicate the use of theimperfect. a menudo por aquel entonces algunas veces siempre cada día/ semana/ mes/ año todos los días/ meses/ años con frecuencia todos las semanas de vez en cuando varias veces frecuentemente muchas veces

  34. The imperfect tense 10 Regular verbs The imperfect tense is quite easy to form and has very few irregular parts. There are only two sets of endings to learn and only three irregular verbs. Formation of the imperfect tense Take the following steps: 1. Take the infinitive of the verb you wish to use. 2. Take off the -AR, -ER or -IR. 3. Add the endings. -ARendings:-aba -abas -aba -ábamos -abais -aban. -ER / -IRendings: -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían.

  35. The imperfect tense 11 HABLAR= to speak / talk habl habl habl habl habl habl All regular -AR verbs are formed in the following way. aba I talked, I was talking, I used to talk. abas You talked, you were talking, you used to talk. aba He / she / it talked, was talking, used to talk. ábamos We talked, we were talking, we used to talk. abais You talked, you were talking, you used to talk. They talked, they were talking, they used to talk aban

  36. The imperfect tense 12 COMER = to eat com com com com com com All regular -ER and -IR verbs are formed in the following way. ía I ate, I was eating, I used to eat. ías You ate, you were eating, you used to eat. ía He / she / it ate, was eating, used to eat. íamos We ate, we were eating, we used to eat. íais You ate, you were eating, you used to eat. ían They ate, they were eating, they used to eat.

  37. The imperfect tense 13 abr abr abr abr abr abr ABRIR= to open ía I opened, was opening, I used to open. ías You opened, were opening, you used to open. ía He / she/ it / opened, was opening, used to open. íamos We opened, we were opening, we used to open. íais You opened, you were opening, you used to open. ían They opened, they were opening, they used to open.

  38. The imperfect tense 14 The good news about the imperfect tense is that all of the verbs except three are regular. The three irregular verbs are SER, IR and VER. VER = to see veíaI saw, used to see. veíasyou saw, used to see. veía he / she / it saw, used to see. veíamoswe saw, used to see. veíais you saw, used to see. veían they saw, used to see. leer = to read also does this. leía I read, used to read SER = to be era I was, used to be. eras you were, used to be. era he / she / it was, used to be. éramos we were, used to be. erais you were, used to be. eran they were, used to be. IR = to go iba I went, used to go. ibas you went, used to go. iba he / she / it went, used to go. íbamoswe went, used to go. ibais you went, used to go. iban they went, used to go.

  39. The imperfect tense 15 To summarize: The imperfect tense is used for descriptions in the past and the meaning of the imperfect tense can change according to context and use. (Yo) Iba a Madrid. Could mean: 1. I went to Madrid.Repeated action. 2. I was going to Madrid.Action begun in past and probably going to be interrupted by another event. 3. I used to go to Madrid. Frequent action 4. I would go to Madrid.Frequent action

  40. The imperfect tense 16 menu

  41. Using the imperfect and preterite together These two past tenses are often used together especially for stories or narratives in the past. Look at these examples and try to use the tenses in a similar way. – Cuando miré por la ventana llovía. When I looked out of the window it was raining. – Leía cuando el teléfono sonó. I was reading when the telephone rang. • In each of these sentences: • the verb in the preterite describes a single, completed action. • (2) the verb in the imperfect describes an action which was already going on and which was interrupted by another action. menu

  42. The imperfect continuous 1 The same kind of verb construction can be used with the imperfect tense to describe continuous actions in the past. This time the English phrase you are describing is ‘was doing something’ e.g. estaba comiendo – I was eating To form the imperfect continuous in Spanish you need two parts: (1) The imperfect tense of the verb ESTAR. (2) The present participle of the verb you are emphasising. To form the present participle*: (1) Take the infinitive of the verb. Take off the -AR, -ER or -IR. (2) Add -iando for -AR verbs or -iendo for -ER and -IR verbs. Notice that you still use the present participle.

  43. The imperfect continuous 2 How to form the imperfect continuous tense. COMER = to eat Estaba comiendo I was eating Estabas comiendo You were eating Estaba comiendo He / she / it was eating We were eating Estábamos comiendo You were eating Estabais comiendo They were eating Estaban comiendo Now practise saying and writing out these verbs: ABRIR HABLAR

  44. The imperfect continuous 3 ¿Sabes cambiar estos verbos del presente al imperfecto progresivo? • Juan y Ana beben café con leche en la cafetería. • Anita pone la mesa para ayudar a su madre. • Nosotros leemos revistas en la clase de ciencias. • Los camareros sirven a muchos clientes. • El gato duerme en el jardín. • Los niños juegan al fútbol en el parque. • María se viste en su dormitorio. • Mi madre ve su telenovela preferida en la tele. • Yo aprendo el español en el instituto. • Vosotros cantáis en el coro. • El cliente pide la cuenta. • Juan y Anaestaban bebiendocafé con leche en la cafetería. • Anitaestaba poniendola mesa para ayudar a su madre. • Nosotrosestábamos leyendorevistas en la clase de ciencias. • Los camarerosestaban sirviendoa muchos clientes. • El gatoestaba durmiendoen el jardín. • Los niñosestaban jugandoal fútbol en el parque. • Maríaestaba vistiéndoseen su dormitorio. • Mi madreestaba viendosu telenovela preferida en la tele. • Yo estaba aprendiendo el español en el instituto. • Vosotras estabais cantandoen el coro. • El clienteestaba pidiendola cuenta. menu

  45. The perfect tense 1 The perfect tense describes what you have done or what has happened. Example: ¿Qué ha pasado?–What has happened? To form the perfect tense in Spanish you need two parts: (1) The present tense of HABER. (2) The past participle of the verb. To form the past participle: (1) Take the infinitive of the verb. Take off the -AR, -ER or -IR. (2) Add -ado for -AR verbs or -IDO for -ER and -IR verbs.

  46. The perfect tense 2 How to form the perfect tense. HABER = to have; COMER = to eat He comido I have eaten Has comio You have eaten Ha comido He / she / it has eaten We have eaten Hemos comido You have eaten Habeis comido They have eaten Han comido Now practise saying and writing out these verbs: TOMAR BEBER VIVIR

  47. The perfect tense 3 Some verbs have irregular participles: Verb participle abrir - to open abierto cubrir - to cover cubierto decir - to say dicho escribir - to write escrito hacer - to do hecho morir - to die muerto poner - to put puesto romper - to break roto ver - to see visto volver - to return vuelto

  48. The perfect tense 4 ¿Sabes cambiar estos verbos del presente al perfecto? • Pablo y Carlota comen patatas fritas en la cafetería. • Manuel pone la mesa. • Nosotros jugamos al fútbol. • Los chicos escriben cartas a las chicas. • Mi padre duerme en el jardín. • Yo voy al banco. • Vosotros bebéis zumo de naranja. • Juan ve a María en el cine. • Pablo y Carlotahan comidocafé con leche en la cafetería. • Manuelha puestola mesa. • Nosotroshemos jugadoal fútbol. • Los chicoshan escritocartas a las chicas. • Mi padreha dormidoen el jardín. • Yo he ido el español en el instituto. • Vosotras habeis bebidozumo de naranja. • Juanha vistoa María en el cine. menu

  49. The pluperfect tense 1 The pluperfect tense describes what you had done or what had happened before something else happened. Example: Yo había salido cuando el hombre vino. –I had gone out with the man came. To form the perfect tense in Spanish you need two parts: (1) The imperfect tense of HABER. (2) The past participle of the verb.11 To form the past participle: (1) Take the infinitive of the verb. Take off the -AR, -ER or -IR. (2) Add -ado for -AR verbs or -IDO for -ER and -IR verbs.

  50. The pluperfect tense 2 How to form the pluperfect tense. HABER = to have; COMER = to eat Había comido I had eaten Habías comio You had eaten Había comido He / she / it had eaten We had eaten Habíamos comido You had eaten Habíais comido They had eaten Habían comido Now practise saying and writing out these verbs: TOMAR BEBER VIVIR menu

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