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Unveiling the Bacterial World: Classification, Evolution, and Survival Tactics

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Explore the vast world of bacteria, from their classification methods to genetic recombination processes. Discover the evolution of eubacteria and archaebacteria, the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the fascinating extremophiles among them. Learn about Methanogens, Halophiles, Acidophiles, and Cyanobacteria, as well as the importance of genetic recombination in bacterial survival strategies.

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Unveiling the Bacterial World: Classification, Evolution, and Survival Tactics

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  1. Bacteria “bacteria by Jonathan Coulton

  2. Objectives • Define Bacteria, eubacteria, & archaebacteria, and note the relationships between them. • Methods used to classify bacteria • Describe 3 types of archaebacteria • Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative bacteria • Structure of a bacteria cell • How they move • Bacterial genetic recombination

  3. It’s their planet, they were here first, and there’s more of them than us. • They’re microscopic prokaryotes • No nucleus, ect… The bacteria save us in War of the Worlds

  4. Evolution • They’ve been evolving for 3.5 billion years, that’s a lot of time to turn into different species. • They’ve found ways to survive almost everywhere. Some can “hibernate” in space • Leads to interesting ideas

  5. How many? • 40 million bacteria in a gram of dirt • 1 million in a mL of fresh water • 5x1030 bacteria in the world • Your body has 10x’s more bacteria cells than human cells in it

  6. Classification • A lot of bacteria look pretty much alike • Group them on… • Structure, physiology, how they react to dif. Types of staining techniques • OR group them on RNA similarity

  7. Why did the bacteria cross the microscope? • To get to the other slide.

  8. Two kinds of bacteria • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • More ancient group

  9. Archaebacteria • Have weird lipids on their membranes • Have introns in their DNA • Have NO Peptidoglycan • A protein/carb mix

  10. Extremophiles • Love extremes • No competition there • Places to salty, acidic, hot or cold, for life

  11. Methanogens • Oxygen kills them • Live at bottom of swamps, or in sewage • Can combine O2 and CO2 into methane • Swamp gas • And in your gut • Enteric bacteria • E. Coli  a facultative anaerobe: It can live with or without O2 • Obligate anaerobes: Have to live where there’s no O2

  12. Halophiles & Acidophiles • Halophiles: Love salt • Live in the dead sea • 2nd saltiest water on Earth • 8x’s saltier than oceans • Lowest point on earth not covered by ice • 418 M below sea level

  13. Dead Sea • King David, Herod, Jesus, John The Baptist, • Jericho is just north (oldest continually occupied town • But the sea is shrinking • People need water

  14. Volcanic acid lake in Gorley (Kamchatka, Russia) • A crowbar will dissolve in about an hour in this lake

  15. Acid Lake in Taal, Phillipines • Sulfuric vents at the lake’s edge

  16. Eubacteria • Rod shaped: Bacilli • Sphere shaped: cocci • Linked in a chain: streptococci • Grape-like clusters: staphylococci • Spiral shpaed: Spirilla

  17. Gram Stain • Gram-positive: keep the stain, show up purple • They have peptidoglycan • These bacteria make yogurt • Gram-negative: don’t take the gram stain, but do take a pink stain instead • Rhizobium: makes N2 gases usable by plants • The difference: Make dif, chemicals, react to dif antibiotics and disinfectants

  18. Cyanobacteria • Not plants, but do photosynthesis • Heterocysts: a kind that makes Nitrogen usable for plants • If you put a lot of nitrogen into a water supply you get a population bloom • Eutrophication: all these bacteria suck up the oxygen and everything else in the water dies

  19. Genetic recombination • Without reproducing bacteria can acquire and express new genetic info • Transformation: Bacteria take in DNA around it • Conjugation: Bacteria use pilli to make a bridge between each other and uses plasmids • Transduction: viruses carry DNA between bacteria

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