Crucible of Freedom: Civil War

1. Crucible of Freedom: Civil War Chapter 15 1861-1865

2. Introduction • How did the Union and Confederate Governments adapt in order to fight the war and which administration adapted more successfully? • How and why did the North finally commit itself to the ending of slavery? • Why did the North win the war? • In what lasting and meaningful ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

3. Mobilizing For War • Recruitment and Conscription • The Confederacy in April 1862 became the first to pass a conscription law • The draft exempted those of certain occupations or those that owned more than 20 slaves • Non-slave holders called this a “rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight” • South was able to supply most of the weapons that it needed, but, not clothes and food • Impressment Act 1863- Southern governments could take supplies it needed for a price and slaves to work for the armies • North passed Enrollment Act in 1863 that made all white males aged 20-45 eligible for the draft • Northern law also provided for exemptions and a $300 substitute fee

4. Financing the War • War Bonds were sold by both sides • Both sides printed paper money • North imposed taxes to help pay for the war • South was reluctant to pass taxes • Southern currency depreciated in value very quickly and led to inflation • North passed the National Bank Act and allowed Federal Banks to print bank notes under the supervision of the government

5. Political Leadership in Wartime • Lincoln faced opposition from the Northern Democrats who did not like the National Bank, the draft or the emancipation of slaves • Lincoln also faced criticism from Radical Republicans like Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens who want Lincoln to end slavery and after 1863 criticized Lincoln for lenient Reconstruction plans • Jefferson Davis faced opposition within his own Party, especially from Alexander Stevens, his Vice President, • Southerners resented the draft, the Impressment Act and anything that seemed to infringe upon state’s rights.

6. Securing the Union’s Borders • Lincoln ordered the military into the border states and ordered a suspension of habeas corpus there. • Supreme Court ruled Lincoln’s action unconstitutional in Ex parte Merriman • Lincoln ignored the court and Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri stayed in the Union

7. Armies, Weapons and Strategies • Northern advantages included: • Larger Population • Industry • Railroad Track • Anaconda Plan • Southern advantages included • Military Leadership • Defensive Tactics • Cotton

9. Stalemate in the East 1861-1862 • First Battle of Bull Run • Stonewall Jackson • Battle of the Peninsula • Robert E. lee • Second Battle of Bull Run • Lee and Jackson • Antietam • George McClellan • Robert E. Lee • Emancipation Proclamation • Battle of Fredericksburg • Burnsides vs. Lee and Jackson

10. Jackson’s Valley Campaign First Bull Run Second Bull Run Peninsular Campaign

11. Battle of Fredericksburg Antietam

12. The War in the West 1861-1862 • Ulysses S. Grant secured control of Missouri and Kentucky and then moved to Tennessee • Grant wins at Shiloh • David Farragut takes New Orleans • South loses Memphis • By 1863 North controls the Mississippi

14. The Soldier’s War • Volunteer, came from a small farm, served in the infantry • Enlisted with visions of military glory • Romanticized view quickly evaporated • Confederates had few blankets, shoes or clothes • Poor sanitation meant more died from dysentery than gun fire • Lice, flies, ticks and rats • Casualty rates were enormous • Southerners were fighting for southern rights • Northerners were fighting for the Union

16. Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval War • North tightens the blockade and takes several southern port cities • Confederates try to break out with blockade runners • Merrimac vs. Monitor • CSS Hunley

17. The Diplomatic War • Confederacy tried “Cotton Diplomacy” to convince Britain and France that the war was in their best interest • Trent Affair raised tensions between US and Great Britain • Britain found alternative sources of cotton and the Emancipation Proclamation ended British ideas of joining the fight on the side of the Confederacy.

18. From Confiscation to Emancipation • Lincoln announced in his inauguration that he had no intentions of interfering with slavery in the South- Why? • Wherever the Union Army went, slaves flocked to them- Congress passed the First Confiscation Act which said that the Union Army would not return escaped slaves • Lincoln did not want to push the border states into the rebellion on the side of the Confederacy • Because of many Northern Defeats, especially in the East, Congress passed another Confiscation Act in July 1862 which allowed freed slaves to join the Army

19. Emancipation cont. • Lincoln offered the border states compensation for their slaves if they would free them. They refused and Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation after the Battle of Antietam • January 1 1863 all slaves in area of rebellion were free. • The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged • Radical Republicans in the North • Britain to take away support for the South • Slaves to run away

20. Crossing Union Lines • By 1865 half of former slaves were in Union held territory • Some worked for the Army • Some worked for loyal planters • Some worked abandoned lands • Freedmen aid societies in the North sent agents to the South to distribute supplies and open schools. • Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March of 1865

21. Black Soldiers in the Union Army • By 1865 186,000 blacks served in the Union Army • Suffered discrimination and prejudice • Placed in segregated units with white officers • Received less pay and suffered higher casualty rates

22. Slavery in Wartime • Southerners tried to maintain control of the slaves by telling them horror stories about the Yankees, stepping up patrols and moving slaves further behind the lines

23. The Turning Point in 1863 • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Chattanooga

24. The War’s Economic Impact: The North • War related industries boomed • Railroads • Republican Congress • Raised Tariffs • Chartered land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads • Homestead and Morrill Land Grant Acts • Women replace men in the factories and were paid less • Workers protested by forming Unions

25. The War’s Economic Impact: The South • The War destroyed the Confederate Economy • Wrecked Railroads • Cut Cotton and Food production • Shortages caused such hardships that soldiers deserted to go home and feed their families

26. Dealing With Dissent • South non-slaveholders with Unionists sentiments and state’s rights politicians denounced Jefferson Davis’s government • South did little to stop political opposition • Copperheads in the North (Peace Democrats) criticized the Emancipation Proclamation and demanded an immediate peace settlement. • Peace Democrats had their greatest following the border states and in the Midwest • July 1863 Draft Riots occurred in New York City that had to be stopped by Federal Troops • Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus and imposed Martial Law in areas where opposition arose • Supreme Course ruled that civilians could not be tried in military courts when civilian courts still operated

27. The Medical War • Northern Citizens formed the US Sanitation Commission • Raised money for medical supplies, extra food and medicine • 3200 women volunteered as nurses to the North and to the South • Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton (Red Cross) • Limited Medical Knowledge about germs and sanitation meant that deaths due to infection and disease outnumbered death by combat • Prisoner of War Camps were worse, especially in the South • Andersonville Ga. • Salisbury NC

29. The War and Women’s Rights • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony organized the National Women’s Loyal League in 1863 to campaign for the rights of white and black women to vote and an amendment to end slavery

30. The Eastern Theater 1864-1865 • 1864 Lincoln put Grant in charge of all Union Armies • Grant moved his headquarters to the East and immediately began to attack Lee in Virginia • Grant ordered Sherman to march into Georgia and continue to the sea • Despite heavy casualties at the Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor Grant pressed forward and forced Lee to retreat to the trenches outside of Petersburg and Richmond • Philip Sheridan was dispatched into the Shenandoah Valley which devastated and conquered that part of Virginia • Atlanta fell to Sherman in September of 1864

32. The Election of 1864 • Radical Republicans prefer salmon Chase • Peace Democrats nominate George McClellan • Lincoln and Moderate Republicans rename their Party the National Union party and nominate Lincoln for President and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee for Vice President • Sherman captures Atlanta right before the election • Congress passes the 13th Amendment which is ratified by the end of 1865

34. Sherman’s March Through Georgia • Sherman burns most of Atlanta and marches across Georgia to Savannah • Takes Savannah in December 1864 and begins march through South Carolina • Purpose of march is to “break the back of the Confederacy” • Troops live off of the land and destroy anything of possible military value including crops and food. • Destruction of South Carolina is even worse than Georgia culminating with the burning of Columbia • Sherman turns toward North Carolina

36. Toward Appomattox • While Sherman is turning North, Grant continues to push Lee’s Army • By the Spring of 1865 the advances of Grant and Sherman were taking their toll on the Southern Army,, men were deserting in droves • April 3rd 1865 Grant enters Richmond Virginia • Lee attempts to escape Virginia and join with remaining Confederate forces in North Carolina • Lee’s Army is cut off at Appomattox Courthouse and Lee surrenders April 9th 1865 • April 14th John Wilkes Booth assassinates President Lincoln • April 26th Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders to William T. Sherman at Bennett Farm in Durham North Carolina

37. Appomattox Courthouse Durham NC/ Bennett Farm

38. The Impact of The War • 620,000 Americans killed • Ruined Southern Economy • Stimulated Northern Economy • Strengthened the Federal Government • Freed 3.5 million slaves but left their future undecided