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American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941

American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941. American Isolationism. Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over!.

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American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941

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  1. American Foreign Policy:1920-1941

  2. American Isolationism • Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. • Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. • July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

  3. Washington Disarmament Conference(1921-1922) • Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States. • Goals? -

  4. Five-Power Treaty (1922) • A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 • Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. • Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

  5. European Debts to the US What nation owed the most to US? – What nation owed the least? -

  6. Hyper-Inflation in Germany:1923

  7. Dawes Plan(1924)

  8. Young Plan(1930) • For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! • $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. • By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium. • What was the goal of the Young Plan? -

  9. Locarno Pact(1925) • Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. • Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

  10. Clark Memorandum (1928) • Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in Latin American affairs in order to protect US property rights. • How did this contrast with the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? - Secretary of StateJ. Reuben Clark

  11. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. • 62 nations signed. • Problems? 

  12. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) • League of Nations condemned the action. • Japan leaves the League. • Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

  13. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine(1932) • It stated that the US - • Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new territories a few decades earlier. • Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

  14. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy • FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. • Policy of non-intervention and cooperation. • Why was it important for the US to continue the Good Neighbor policy in this time period? -

  15. FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933) • For what reasons did the US decide to finally recognize the Soviet Union? -

  16. Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936) • What did the Nye Committee investigate? - • The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. • Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters. • Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

  17. Ludlow Amendment (1938) • A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. • Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. • Did it pass? - Congressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN]

  18. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 • When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: • Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. • Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations. • Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war. • Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up. • Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. • This limited the options of the President in a crisis. • Read the points of the Neutrality Acts closely. Why do you think Congress would create these acts? -

  19. US Neutrality

  20. Panay Incident (1937) • December 12, 1937. • Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River. • The river was an international waterway. • Japan was testing US resolve! • What did Japan do to better relations with the US after the incident (apologize, money, etc)? – • Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

  21. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) What was the Abraham Lincoln brigade? -

  22. Fascist Aggression • 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!]Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. • 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. • 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement – define appeasement - • 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. What was the Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact - • September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  define blitzkrieg- • WW II begins!!!

  23. 1939 Neutrality Act • Passed in response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. • FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way. • What were the main points of the 1939 Neutrality Act? – • - • Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: • Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. • The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. • America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

  24. What was the “America First” Committee? - One of the leaders of the America First Committee is pictured above. Who is it? -

  25. FDR’s Actions • In the fall of 1939, the Manhattan Project began. What was it? – • Early 1940 – FDR asked Congress to appropriate $4 billion for national defense. • Who did FDR appoint to be the secretary of war and secretary of navy in 1940? –

  26. “Bases for destroyers” deal (9/1940) • 1. What was the “bases for destroyers deal”? – • Who did FDR make the deal with? – • Was it approved by Congress or was it an executive order? -

  27. Fall 1940 1). 9/1940 – FDR prohibits exports of steel and scrap iron to all except GB. 2). 9/1940 – Congress passes a Selective Service Act. Why was this act different than previous draft acts? -

  28. What was the “Lend-Lease” Act (3/1941)? - Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

  29. The Atlantic Charter – 8/1941 • What were the main points of the Atlantic Charter? • Who did FDR make it with? • Why did FDR create it?

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