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THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE

THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE. Agenda 4/10. 1. Notes: the 1960s    2. Test       . The Kennedy Presidency, 1960-1963. Election of 1960 JFK defeated Nixon thanks to TV Youngest pres. elected Domestic policy under JFK: New Frontier Peace Corps

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THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE

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  1. THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE

  2. Agenda 4/10 • 1. Notes: the 1960s    • 2. Test      

  3. The Kennedy Presidency, 1960-1963 • Election of 1960 • JFK defeated Nixon thanks to TV • Youngest pres. elected • Domestic policy under JFK: New Frontier • Peace Corps • Space Race: John Glenn orbits earth, Armstrong & Aldrin are first on the moon

  4. Foreign Policy Under JFK • Soviets build Berlin Wall in 1961 • Cuba • Leader Fidel Castro had Soviet support • Bay of Pigs Invasion= failed US attempt to invade Cuba • Cuban Missile Crisis= Kennedy successfully convinced the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba • Closest the world ever came to nuclear war**

  5. JFK Assassination • Nov. 22, 1963 • Dallas, TX

  6. The Johnson Presidency, 1963-1968 • The Great Society “War on Poverty” • CRA of 1964 • VRA of 1965 • Medicare • Job Corps • Economic Opp. Act • Immigration Act of 1965= identical quotas (limits) for the number of immigrants each country can send to the US

  7. Agenda 4/10 • 1. Notes • 2. Court Cases jigsaw activity • **Review TOMORROW 9-12

  8. The Women’s Liberation Movement • Aka Feminist Movement • Reasons: • Dissatisfaction • CRM influence • “Sexual Revolution” • Betty Friedan– wrote The Feminine Mystique • Housewives are unhappy • Helped for the National Organization of Women (NOW)

  9. The Women’s Liberation Movement • Achievements: • Better educational opportunities (affirmative action) • Equal Pay Act= same pay for same work • Roe v. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion within the first 3 months of pregnancy • Title IX- guarantees girls the same opportunities as boys in school

  10. The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:Increasing African-American Militancy • Black Power= blacks should be economically, culturally, and politically independent from whites • Other militant groups • Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Black Muslims • Malcolm X • Muslim leader who questions MLK’s nonviolent approach. Blacks should achieve rights “by any means necessary”.

  11. The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:Increasing African-American Militancy • Many blacks in the north lived in ghettos • Riots erupted following the assassination of MLK

  12. The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:The Chicano Movement • Hector Perez Garcia– Texan who was first Mexican American to serve on Commission on Civil Rights • Cesar Chavez– organized successful grape boycott for improved wages/conditions for farm workers • Dolores Huerta– helped Chavez form the United Farm Workers

  13. The American Indian Movement (AIM) • Slogan: “Red Power” • Indians sought greater respect for their heritage • Temporary occupied gov. monument at Wounded Knee

  14. The “Youth Culture” of the Sixties • Aka counterculture • Influenced by rock music • Hippies • 26th Amendment– lowered voting age to 18

  15. The Vietnam War, 1954-1973 • Background: • Ho Chi Minh- Vietnamese nationalist leader • Geneva Conference • Divided Vietnam (N was communist, S wasn’t) • Planned to reunite after elections • Vietcong (Southern Commies) & North Vietnamese attacked SV government

  16. The War under JFK, 1960-1963 • Domino theory= if a nation becomes communist, then the surrounding nations will too, and on and on…

  17. The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- LBJ could send troops to war (escalation) w/o a declaration from Congress • New weapons: napalm (gas jelly) and Agent Orange(herbicide) • Destroyed the jungle

  18. The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 • Tet Offensive- Vietcong launched attack against SV, capturing major cities including Saigon • Turning point: Americans realize victory is far away • Roy Benavidez- Texan who won medal of honor for efforts in Vietnam

  19. The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 • Increasing difficulties for the US: • $25B/year • Ho Chi Minh= “father” of Vietnam • Vietcong guerilla warfare • Growing discontent: the Anti-War Movement • Media shaped public opinion (1st war on TV) • “credibility gap”– difference between what Pres. LBJ said & what journalists reported

  20. Agenda 4/14 • 1. finish Vietnam notes • 2. court case flashcard activity

  21. The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 • LBJ chose not to run for reelection • Nixon promised “peace w/honor” during campaign • Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s Sec. of State • Vietnamization= US troops gradually withdraw as SV takes over fighting • Secret bombing of Laos & Cambodia • Nixon negotiated w/NV’s allies (China & USSR)

  22. The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 • Anti-war demonstration at Kent State University leaves 4 students dead • “silent majority”= Nixon’s supporters who quietly still supported the war • Pentagon Papers- leaked documents that showed that several presidents before Nixon lied to the public about Vietnam

  23. The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 • The fall of Saigon marked the end of the war (1975) • US troops withdrew in 1973 • Legacy of the Vietnam War • Over 58,000 Americans killed (1m + Vietnamese) • Economic: ended some Great Society programs; led to inflation • War Powers Resolution (1973): Pres. must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending troops to fight overseas. If Congress doesn’t approve within 60 days, the Pres. must withdraw the troops.

  24. Post-war Literature, Art, and Music • Beat Generation writers • Care-free, reckless, fresh approach • Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac • Music: • Rock and roll: Elvis, Little Richard • Motown

  25. Post-war Literature, Art, and Music • Art • Jackson Pollock • Andy Warhol

  26. Mendez v. Westminster ISD– segregation of children of a group was illegal w/o a special state law requiring it • Delgado v. Bastrop ISD– segregated Mexican American children in Texas is illegal • Hernandez v. Texas–Mexican Americans, though not a separate race, are entitled to class protection under the 14thAmendment • White v. Regester– allowed single-member districts to elect their own representatives • Edgewood ISD v. Kirby– required changes in school finance to increase funding for schools in poorer school districts

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