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Understanding Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

This overview dives into hydrocarbons, the building blocks of organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen. It introduces isomers—molecules with the same formula but different structures—alongside various hydrocarbon series: alkanes (CnH2n+2, saturated), alkenes (CnH2n, unsaturated), and alkynes (CnH2n-2, unsaturated). Additionally, functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amino groups, sulfhydryl groups, and phosphate groups—essential in chemical reactions and biological functions—are discussed in detail.

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Understanding Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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  1. Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups

  2. Hydrocarbons • Contain carbon and hydrogen Isomers: same molecular formula but different structures

  3. Alkane SeriesGeneral formula: CnH2n+2 (saturated)

  4. Alkene SeriesGeneral formula: CnH2nhydrocarbon with one double bond (unsaturated)

  5. Alkyne SeriesGeneral formula: CnH2n-2hydrocarbon with one triple bond (unsaturated)

  6. Functional Group • Group of atoms frequently attached to carbon “skeletons” • Usually involved in chemical reactions

  7. Alcohols • Polar • Help to dissolve organic compounds

  8. Aldehydes • Carbonyl group is on the terminal (end) carbon

  9. Ketones The carbonyl group is “sandwiched” between two chains of carbons

  10. Carboxylic Acids • Polar tendencies • Possible for H to dissociate due to the two electronegative • oxygen atoms pulling shared electrons away from hydrogen

  11. Amino Group Amino acids – important in proteins, combines both an amino group (acts as a base due to unshared pair of electrons on Nitrogen) and a carboxyl group

  12. Sulfhydryl • Help to stabilize intricate structures of proteins

  13. Phosphate group • Found in ATP and DNA

  14. Try this ….. http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshow.php?title=functional-groups-quiz&quesnum=11

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