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CHAPTER 2 – COLONIZING AMERICA 1519-1733

CHAPTER 2 – COLONIZING AMERICA 1519-1733. SECTION 1 - The Spanish and French Build Empires. I. The Conquest of Mexico. A. The Spanish Encounter The Aztecs 1. Diego Velazquez – Spanish leader in CUBA 2. Small Pox wiped out native labor. 3. Cortez was sent to

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CHAPTER 2 – COLONIZING AMERICA 1519-1733

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  1. CHAPTER 2 – COLONIZING AMERICA1519-1733

  2. SECTION 1 - The Spanish and French Build Empires

  3. I. The Conquestof Mexico A. The Spanish Encounter The Aztecs 1. Diego Velazquez – Spanish leader in CUBA 2. Small Pox wiped out native labor. 3. Cortez was sent to YUCATANPeninsular to get labor.

  4. Chapter 2, Sec 1 B. The INVASION BEGINS. 1. Jeronimo de Aguilar – first translator for Spanish 2. Malinche – new translator – renamed Dona Marina 3. Tlaxcalan became Cortez’ ally 4. Montezuma (Aztec leader) – Spanish troops take over Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan & capture Montezuma

  5. Chapter 2, Section 1 5. Aztec priests launched a rebellion & Montezuma died. Called “SAD NIGHT” – 4,000 Aztec die & 450 Spanish die. 6. Cortez left & built up forces. 7. Small pox weakened natives of Tenochtitlan & helped Cortez defeat them.

  6. II. NEW SPAIN EXPANDS A.MEXICO City became capital of new Spanish colony of New Spain. B. Conquistadors took the rest of the region. 1. Pizarro - Peru – INCAS. Took leader Atahualpa hostage. 2. Narvaez– searched Florida for city of gold. 3. De Vaca & Esteban – went across TX & NM to New Spain in 1536 4. Coronado – searched for Gold Cities in SW found buffalo (shaggy cows) 5. De Soto – explored what is todayNC, TN, AL, AR, TX. Died and was buried in the MS River. 6. Onate – (1598) reached Mexico and had “Spanish Thanksgiving” in April

  7. CONQUISTADORS (continued) 7. Sante Fe – 1st capital of New Mexico Catholic Church was the force. Built presidios. 8. Serra – Franciscan priest who took control of Sante Fe &California & established missions. El Camino Real - Royal Highway Priests treated natives as slaves! Pope – Pueblo leader – led an uprising against Spanish.

  8. Native Americans, Africans, people of mixed Spanish & African or African & Native American - labor class III. Spanish American Society A. Society– based on Birth, income, & education B. Encomienda System – gave Spaniards rewards of Aztec towns & villagers had to pay them with a share of harvests. Society – determined a person’s position. Peninsulares Criollos Mestizos Native Americans, people of mixed Spanish & African or African & Native American - LABOR

  9. C 2, Sec1, III CONTINUED C. Council of the Indies – governed empire; special court – audiencia. Viceroys ruled regions. D. Mining and Ranching – silver mining; Ranches raised cattle to feed miners – called haciendas & vaqueros herded cattle.

  10. Chapter 2, Sec 1IV. The French Empire in America A. Francis I sent Verrazano to map North America’s coastline to help find a North West Passage. B. Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River. C. Fifty years later, the French began fishing and trading for furs in N. America. 1602 – Samuel Champlain helped colonize N. America in Nova Scotia & Quebec. D. Coureurs de bois (fur traders) lived among Native Americans & often married them. E. Jesuit missionaries also came to convert the natives to Christianity (Catholic)

  11. V. NEWFRANCEEXPANDS A. King Louis XIV sent 4,000 immigrants to New France & 900 women to be wives to help New France grow. B. Explorers • Joliet & Marquette found the MS River. • La Salle – 1st European to reach the Gulf of Mexico & claimed it for France. He named it Louisiana for King Louis XIV. • Lord d’Iberville founded Biloxi, MS, then Mobile, AL, and New Orleans, LA. (SE) • The French controlled the Ms. River and imported slaves to work on plantations.

  12. Chapter 2, Section 1 C. RIVALRY WITH SPAIN. ST. AUGUSTINE, FL, founded by the Spanish, became the 1st permanent town founded by Europeans in the U.S.

  13. Chapter 2, Sec 3 • I. English Colonies in America • John Cabot (Italian) – Sent by England to find new route or land. Landed close to Nova Scotia and next trip was never seen again. • 80 years before England tried to colonize in America again.

  14. Chapter 2, Sec 2 A. The Reformation Divides Europe 1. Protestant Reformation – • Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church and was expelled. • John Calvin (Switzerland) said people should choose their own leaders

  15. C 2, Sec 2 B. The Reformation Changes England 1. Henry VIII wanted a divorce. The Pope was afraid to issue the divorce because Henry VIII’s wife was the King of Spain’s aunt. 2. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church and made himself the head of the Anglican Church.

  16. Chapter 2, Sec 2 3. Puritans – want to purify the Anglican Church of all Catholic elements. 4. Queen Elizabeth I – Henry VIII’s daughter allowed some Puritan ideas. 5. JAMES I – would not change the church, so Puritans left England.

  17. Chapter 2, Sec 2 C. Economic Changes in England. 1. 1500s – England was divided into large estates. Nobles rented land to tenants, but later converted land into sheep farms. 2. Enclosure Movement – fenced in land & forced unemployment for tenants. 3. Joint-stock Companies – pooled money of many private investors.

  18. Chapter 2, Sec 2 II. England Returns to America The English needed a northern waterpassage to sell their wool. Martin Frobisher – 1st to return to America, but did not find the passage. Queen Elizabeth allowed privateers to attack Spanish ships to help the Dutch when they opposed Catholicism.

  19. Chapter 2, Sec 2 A. Gilbert and Raleigh 1. Gilbert tried 3 times to colonize for the English in America but failed. 2. Walter Raleigh got Gilbert’s charter renewed and landed on Roanoke Island. He was knighted and the land was called Virginia after Queen Elizabeth, “The Virgin Queen.”

  20. Chapter 2, Sec 2 B. The Lost Colony of Roanoke 1. The 1st group of men returned to England after one winter. 2. In 1587, he sent men, women & children. The governor went back to England for supplies and fought in a war. He came back in 1590 and no one was there, only a sign on a tree that said “CRO.” It’s still a mystery today. Called The Lost Colony.

  21. ROANOKE

  22. Chapter 2, Sec 2 III.JAMESTOWN is founded. • 1606 - Virginia Company. • 3 ships – The Susan Constant , the Godspeed, and the Discovery. • Named the river, James River after James I • Settlement was named Jamestown. • Location was their first problem.

  23. JAMESTOWN - 1606

  24. Chapter 2, Sec 2 A. Early Troubles. 1. Most were inexperienced about living in the woods. 2. Upper class refused to work. 3. Governing council argued constantly. 4. By 1608, only 53 were left. 5. Captain John Smith began tradingwith the Powhatan Confederacy – this got them through the 1st two winters. 6. New governor – Lord De La Warr – promised land if settlers worked for 7 years.

  25. Chapter 2, Sec 2 7. August 1609 – 400 settlers come. 8. Food became low and settlers began to steal from the Natives who then attacked. 9. The Starving Time –winter of 1609-10 10. Spring 1610 – only 60 settlers left. 11. More settlers came, but abandoned Jamestown and began other settlements. 12. The Deputy governor made rules and everyone had to work.

  26. Chapter 2, Sec 2 B. TOBACCO Saves the Colony. 1. John Rolfe developed new curing method for tobacco. 2. It was cheaper than the Spanish tobacco, so Europe bought it.

  27. Chapter 2, Sec 2 C.THE FIRST ASSEMBLY. 1. 1618 – Reform gave the colony the right to elect its own assembly to propose laws. 2. 1st General Assembly – (the House of Burgesses) met in Jamestown Church on July 30, 1619. Consisted of: Governor, 6 councilors, 20 representatives (2 from each of the colony’s 10 towns) – called burgesses.

  28. Chapter 2, Sec 2 D. Headrights Lure Settlers. 1. Used to entice new settlers. 2. New settlers bought a share in the company or paid for their passage – were granted 50 acres of land for each familymember over 15 and for each servant they brought. 1619 – 1stwomen came 1stAfrican “Christian Servants” came

  29. Chapter 2, Sec 2 E. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony. 1. 1622 – More than 4,500 settlers 2. Natives got worried and attacked. 3. King James made it a royal colony – run by a governor appointed by the king.

  30. Chapter 2, Sec 2 F.MARYLAND is founded. 1. George Calvert – Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1632 as a Catholic refuge. 2.Proprietary Colony – owned the colony and could govern it any way he wished. Could appoint officials, coin money, impose taxes, establish courts, grant lands, & create towns. 3. Most of the settlers were Protestants – estate owners & government officials were Catholic.

  31. Chapter 2, Section 3 NEW ENGLAND The Mayflower

  32. C 2, Sec 3 I. The Pilgrims Land at Plymouth Puritans (Separatists) = Pilgrims From England to Holland to America A. The Mayflower Arrives in America. Used CPT John Smith’s map of New England.

  33. C 2, Sec 3 B. Plymouth Colony – located on Massachusetts Bay. 1. Began with a “common house” and then built homes. 2. SQUANTO taught them how to survive & helped them negotiate a peace treaty with the Wampanoag people. 3. A Thanksgivingwas held the next autumn to celebrate harvest & to give thanks.

  34. C 2, Sec 3 II. The Puritans Found Massachusetts. A. A City on a Hill – John Winthrop 1. Massachusetts Bay Colony became a refuge for Puritans in America. Boston was the capital. 2. By 1643 about 20,000 settlers came to N. England – called The Great Migration.

  35. C 2, Sec 3 B. Church and State. 1. The charter defined the government. Stock Holders = freemen. All freemen = General Court – made the laws & elected the governor. 2. 1st Governor – John Winthrop He lied to the people – told them only he made the laws & kept the charter locked up for 4 years. 3. General Court reorganized the government when they discovered the lie. They made the government a representative assembly with elections.

  36. C 2, Sec 3 4. Under Winthrop, laws were passed: * Everyone had to go to church. * Government collected taxes to support the church. * Government regulated behavior. No blasphemy No adultery No gambling No drunkenness

  37. C 2, Sec 3 5. Heretics – people whose religious beliefs differ from the majority. Anne Hutchinson

  38. C 2, Sec 3 III.Rhode Island & Religious Dissent A. Roger Williams – founded Providence, Rhode Island because he challenged Puritan authority by declaring that the land in Plymouth belonged to the Native Americans. • The government made him leave. He bought land from the Narragansett people and established Rhode Island. • Different religions were tolerated there and the government had no authority over religious matters.

  39. C 2, Sec 3 B.Anne Hutchinson is Banished 1. Held prayer meetings and claimed that she knew which ministers had salvation and which did not. 2. General Court banished her because she said God spoke directly to her. 3. She & her followers founded Portsmouth, R.I.

  40. C 2, Sec 3 C. Rhode Island 1. Other Puritans were banished and began new towns – Newport in 1639 and Warwick in 1643. 2. Religious freedom was a key part of the Rhode Island’s charter – separation of church and state.

  41. C 2, Sec 3 IV. The River Towns of Connecticut A. 1636 – Rev. Thomas Hooker wanted to move his congregation for more land, and he believed all men should vote for representatives. B. Founded Hartford **C. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - the first written constitution of the American colonies. Allowed all adult men (not just church members) to elect governor and General Court.

  42. C 2, Sec 3 D.The Pequot War 1. Pequots and Mohegans lived in the Connecticut colony and tolerated the settlers because they needed allies against the Narraganset. 2. Two MA traders were killed in Pequot territory, so MA sent troops and the war began. 3. The Mohegans and the Narraganset helped the colony conquer the Pequots. 4. Pequot survivors eventually were resettled by theMystic River.

  43. C 2, Sec 3 IV. New Hampshire and Maine A. Some of A. Hutchinson’s followers established EXETER (NH). B. Territory N. of MA had been granted to: Sir Fernando Gorges = Maine CPT John Mason = New Hampshire C. NH became an royal colony ME was bought by MA Maine Exeter, NH

  44. C 2, Sec 3 V. KING PHILIP’S WAR In 1675, Plymouth Colony tried three Wampanoags & executed them for murder. King Philip (Metacomet) led an attack & was later killed. The settlers won the war in 1678. TURNING POINT – Natives left or scattered and New England now belonged to the English settlers.

  45. CHAPTER 2, Sec 4THE MIDDLE & SOUTHERN COLONIES I. The English Civil War and the Colonies. • The English Civil War began in 1642. • Charles I arrested Puritan leaders in Parliament • 1646 – Parliament’s army defeated the king’s army, captured the king and sentenced him to death. • Oliver Cromwell became “Lord Protector of England.”

  46. Chapter 2, Sec 4 A. The Colonies Choose Sides. 1. Who would the colonists support – the King or Parliament? 2. VA – supported the king until 1652. A fleet sent by Parliament forced them to change sides. 3. Maryland – supported the king until Protestants rebelled. So, he appointed a Protestant Governor and passed the MARYLAND TOLERATION ACT that granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland (but was intended to protect the Catholic minority). 4. The Puritans backed Parliament & many settlers left to fight in the war in England.

  47. Chapter 2, Sec 4 B. Colonization Resumes. 1. Cromwell died in 1658. 2. Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne in 1660 = Restoration 3. Now England took a renewed interest in the colonies because they were vital sources of raw materials & markets for manufactured goods.

  48. Chapter 2, Sec 4 II. New Netherland Becomes New York. A. The History of New Netherland. 1. Henry Hudson – found Hudson River & convinced Dutch to trap furs there. They called it New Netherland -1614. 2. Major settlement – New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. Dutch bought it from Natives for 60 florins (about 24 dollars). 3. It did not grow fast because they emphasized fur trading, not colonization. Only 1,500 people in 1646.

  49. CHAPTER 2, Sec 4 4. To increase its size, New Netherland allowed anyone to buy land. 5. By 1664, there were over 10,000 people. 6. Settlers came from: FranceGermanyPolandSpain Italy & other parts of Europe Portuguese Jews founded one of the first synagogues in North America.

  50. Chapter 2, Sec 4 7. Dutch merchants entered the slave trade in the 1620s. By 1664 Africansmade up 10% of the people. B. NEW YORK & NEW JERSEY 1. 1664 – King Charles decided to seize New Netherland. He granted all the land from Delaware Bay to Connecticut River to his brother James – the Duke of York. 2. James sent warships to take New Netherland from the Dutch. 3. The Duke of York renamed the New Netherlands. He called it New York.

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