How many grams of sugar do you think you should eat in one day?

1. How many grams of sugar do you think you should eat in one day? helix (‘he liks) (noun) - the shape formed by a line that curves around and along a central line. The most famous helix is the double-helix formed by DNA.

2. Daily Recommended Nutrient Intake

3. Compounds of life

4. 4 macromolecules • These 4 compounds are found in all cells and are necessary for life

5. Macromolecules are Polymers Monomers: the individual compounds Polymers: many monomers joined together (poly=many) polymer Polymers are like a beaded necklace and monomers are like an individual bead! monomer

6. The 4 compounds of life are organic compounds Organic means that the molecules contain carbon! 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

7. 1. Carbohydrates • Sugars & starches for making energy • Found in bread, plant matter, grains, sugars • Most sugars end in suffix “-ose”

8. Two common sugars…

9. Simple carbs have one ring – monosaccharides • Carbs with two rings joined together - disaccharides • Multiple rings - polysaccharides

10. 3 main types of polysaccharides (complex carbs): • Plants store excess energy in the form of starch. • Animals store energy as glycogen. 3. Cellulose is structural support for plants. Fiber (what we call cellulose when it is eaten) is indigestible to humans.

11. Carbohydrates vs. Sugars • On nutrition labels, carbohydrates and sugars are listed different • The ‘sugars’ on nutrient labels are usually monosaccarides • The ‘carbohydrates’ listed are only complex carbohydrates

12. So, what is the monomer of a carbohydrate? a monosaccharide! (one ring, like glucose!)

13. 2. Lipids • Organic compounds that are waxy, oily, fatty • From foods like butter and oils • Cholesterol: Important lipid that makes cell membranes flexible • Hydrogen to oxygen ratio is always greater than 2:1

14. Saturated Fats: often solid at room temp. • Only single bonds • Animal fats, lard, butter • Not as healthy • Unsaturated Fats: often liquid at room temp. • One or more double bonds • Plant oils, nuts, avocados • Healthier

15. So, what is the monomer of a lipid? • One glycerol (an alcohol) attached to three fatty acid chains

16. 3. Proteins • Contain nitrogen as well as C, H, O • Monomer - amino acid • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds (a type of covalent bond) to form proteins • R- the variable part of the amino acid

17. Peptide Bond

18. Protein structure There are different ways that proteins can be folded or arranged, depending on what the protein is being built for!

19. Again, the monomer of a protein is an… Amino Acid!!!! (there are 20 different amino acids)

20. 4. Nucleic Acids • Large complex molecules composed of phosphorous, N, C, O, and H. • 2 basic kinds of nucleic acids: RNA & DNA (genetic material) Monomer: Nucleotide

21. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? A nucleotide!!

22. DNA and RNA contain our genetic material! Can you see the repeating nucleotides???

23. Enzymes –super special proteins Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. They are also called catalysts. Almost every reaction in your body is controlled by an enzyme!

24. Enzymes speed up reactions without altering the reaction • They lower the activation energy required for a reaction to happen • They are “denatured” • (destroyed) by: • Temperature • pH changes • Enzyme names end in “-ase”

25. What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

26. What does this mean? • It means that each enzyme operates best at a certain temperature and pH

27. Enzyme specificity • Enzymes are specific to a particular reaction • Each enzyme binds to one particular substrate • Where it binds (attaches) is called the active site • When the enzyme binds it changes the shape of the substrate