thrips: bad bugs

1. ENT5009: Jan 25, 2011 Introduction to insecticidesVera Krischik, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota Lady beetle larvae and adult: Good bugs thrips: bad bugs

2. CUES,Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainabilitywww.entomology.umn.edu/cues

3. UM CUES websitewww.entomology.umn.edu/cues Landscape Site IPM of Midwest Landscapes 2004 Vera Krischik, University of Minnesota John Davidson, University of Maryland NCERA 193 available online and     MN Landscape Arboretum Bookstore

4. Pesticides Kelly Registration Systems CDMS Chemical Information Services MSDS Online Greenbook: Label and MSDS Search Koppert Biological Systems: Side Effects Database Ohioline: Insect and Mite Control on Woody Ornamentals and Herbaceous Perennials 2003 Ohioline: Management of Turfgrass Pests Weeds, Diseases, and Insects 2004

5. Insecticide efficacy: The effect of rain, wind, solubility, and formulation on the movement of pesticides off-site Rain/wind: Transport insecticides offsite Dusts were removed by EPA due to high movement in air Solubility: More solubility in water more potential to move off site and to have lower efficacy duration. Formula: Complex set of information Conventional, Bioratioal, Organic Class of insecticide, pyrethroid (P), organophophate (OP) Mode of action, receptor targeted Type of formulation, F=flowable, G=granular

6. Insecticide efficacy: Insecticides Conventional insecticides: Organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinyls Biorational: Compatible with bioconrol with beneficial insects IGR insect growth regulators, many new miticdes, novel mode of action eg. Endeavor (ai pymetrozine) freezes siphonig muscles of whiteflies and aphids micobials eg Bt, spinosad Organic: On the OMNRI approved list spinosad, oils, soaps, azadirachtin, Bt, pyrethrins

9. Soft bodied pests (trade name, common name, class, target):

10. Since 1990, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids replaced organophosphates Systemic, from roots plant nectar & pollen (Merit, Admire, Marathon).

11. Neonicotinyl insecticides are safer for people highly toxic (< 2μg/bee) moderately toxic (2 - 10.9 μg/bee) slightly toxic (11 - 100μg/bee) non-toxic (>100μg/bee) but NOT for bees…

12. Water solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticides dinotefuran is 80 times more water soluble than imidacloprid enamectin benzoate has very low mobility and long duration

13. Insecticide formulations • Different labels, differents sites: Conserve (landscape, GH), SpinTor (tree plantations) and Entrust (organic certifiied) • The formulation consists of the active ingredient(s) plus various additives, such as solvents, carriers, emulsifiers, or other materials designed to make the product easier and safer to use. • Some formulations are more soluable • Formulation name includes a number =concentration of active ingredient • 4EC or 4F = 4 lbs AI/1gallon • 75S =75% AI

14. Insecticide formulations E or EC – Emulsifiable concentrate. The active ingredient is dissolved in an organic solvent and is clear (but often with color). Designed to be mixed with water at the time of application. The resulting mixture is an emulsion, that is, the two liquids do not effectively mix, but one is suspended as tiny droplets within the other, like an oil-and-water or oil-and-vinegar based salad dressing. The spray mixture must be constantly agitated or the pesticide will separate from the water.

15. Insecticide formulations F – Flowable. Finely divided solid particles in a liquid carrier forming a thick but pourable opaque product. Designed to be mixed with water at the time of application. L – Liquid. This is variously used by different companies for products with somewhat different properties. Sevin 4L is a suspension of microfine solid particles in an aqueous (water-based) carrier. Designed to be mixed with water at the time of application.

16. Insecticide formulations G – Granular. This formulation appears as small pellets or granules similar to a WG or WDG. S or SP. Regrettably, this abbreviation refers to two quite different formulation types. Sevin 80S is an 80% dry powder designed to be mixed with water to form a suspension and therefore is like a wettable powder. Orthene 75S is a totally soluble powder that dissolves when mixed with the spray water.

17. Insecticide formulations W or WP – Wettable powder. This formulation comes as a dry, dust-like material. However, it is designed to be mixed with water at the time of application. The active ingredient does not dissolve in water, but, with thorough mixing, becomes suspended. Therefore, constant agitation is needed to avoid settling in the spray tank. WG or WDG – Water dispersible granules. This formulation appears as small pellets or granules. It is easier and safer to handle and mix than wettable powders. When the granules are mixed with spray water, they break apart and, with agitation, the active ingredient becomes distributed throughout the spray mixture.

18. Insecticide formulations • Systemic insecticides (S) • Neonicotinyls mover locally when sprayed • Move distally when applied to the soil. • Movento (spirotetramat) moves up and down like a herbicide

19. Temperature The efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides is negatively correlated to high temps. So the warmer the temp, the shorter the residual and reduced control. The high rate of labeled pyrethroids should give 7 to 10 days of control. In contrast, organophosphates (OP) are readily biodegradable and do not persist in the environment as long as the pyrethroids (3 to 5 days). Under high temps, OP’s may provide better efficacy since they have a higher acute toxicity (more rapid knockdown).

20. Warning for spider mites Pyrethroids and neonicotinyls can often increase spider mite populations in the field.

21. Imidacloprid • Neonicotinyl • Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine • receptor in postsynaptic membrane • Causes conclusions, paralysis, and death • Systemic, translocated from roots to entire plant or tree

22. D. Cappaert, MSU Imidacloprid • Agricultural crops: Gaucho, Admire, Provado • Turf: Merit, Merit w/fertilizer • Greenhouse and nursery: Marathon • Ready to use: 2-in-1 plant spikes 3 in 1 rose and potting mix, tree and shrub insect control, rose and flower insect control • Injected for landscape trees: Imicide, Pointer

23. Imidacloprid Borers: Sessiade Clearwing borers Poor control

24. Imidacloprid Borers: Buprestidae Flatheaded borers Good control

25. Spinosad OMRI LISTED PRODUCTS: OMRI listed products www.omri.org Conserve Fire Ant Bait (Dow AgroSciences)Entrust , (Dow AgroSciences)Justice Fire Ant Bait(Dow AgroSciences)GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait (Dow AgroSciences) NON OMRI -LISTED PRODUCTS: Conserve (Dow AgroSciences)GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait (Dow AgroSciences)Success Naturalyte (Dow AgroSciences)SpinTor (Dow AgroSciences)Tracer (Dow AgroSciences)Spinosad Home and Garden (Dow AgroSciences)

26. Spinosad ACTIVE INGREDIENT DESCRIPTION:Spinosad is composed of spinosyns A and D, substances produced by aerobic fermentation of the actinomycete species Saccharopolysora spinosa. This rare species was found in soil samples from an island in the Caribbean in 1982. Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria found in the soil that give it a sweet ‘healthy’ smell.

27. Spinosad HOW IT WORKS:Spinosad is a fast-acting, somewhat broad-spectrum material that acts on the insect primarily through ingestion, or by direct contact with a spray droplet or a newly treated surface. It activates the nervous system of the insect, causing loss of muscle control. Continuous activation of motor neurons causes insects to die of exhaustion within 1-2 days. Foliar applications of spinosad are not highly systemic in plants although some movement into leaf tissue has been demonstrated. The addition of a penetrating surfactant increases absorption by tissues and activity on pests that mine leaves (Larson 1997).

28. Spinosad Product Bulletin Dow AgroSciences LLC 9330 Zionsville Road Indianapolis, IN 46268-1054 USA Page 1 of 1 SpinTor* 2SC EPA Reg. No. 62719-294 Use Suggestions for Michigan Blueberries ATTENTION • Read and follow all applicable directions for use, precautions and limitations on the product label attached to the container for SpinTor 2SC and applicable supplemental labels. Adjuvant Recommendations: Adjuvants may be used with SpinTor 2SC insecticide to improve control

29. Spinosad

30. Spinosad

31. Insecticide classes and new products Vera Krischik Department of Entomology University of Minnesota

32. Chemical class/mode of activity Organophosphates and Carbamates Inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase. This prevents the termination of nerve impulse transmission.

33. Chemical class/mode of activity 2. Pyrethroids and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Destabilize nerve cell membranes.

34. Chemical class/mode of activity 3. Neoronicotinyls Work on central nervous system, cause over stimulation and blockage of the postsynaptic nicotine acetylcholine receptors.

35. Chemical class/mode of activity 4. Novel pesticides Mode of action specific

36. Pesticide toxicity to humans Toxicity is defined by the lethal dose or LD50 of a pesticide. LD50 is expressed as milligrams (mg) of toxican (pesticide active ingredient) per kilogram (kg) of body weight based on the dose that kills 50 percent of the test animals, normally rodents, under laboratory conditions. This can be based on either acute or chronic toxicity.

37. Pesticide toxicity to humans In addition, LD50 may be determined based on how a pesticide enter the body such as oral (ingestion), dermal (skin), or inhalation (breathing). This information is then extrapolated to humans. The lower the LD50 value the more toxic the pesticide is to humans.

39. Pesticide toxicity to humans Pesticide (Common Name) Trade Name(s) abamectin Avid LD50 LD50 Classification Oral (mg/kg) Dermal (mg/kg) microbial toxins 650 >2000 Manufacturer Syngenta

40. Pesticide toxicity to humans Pesticide (Common Name) Trade Name(s) acephate Orthene LD50 LD50 Classification Oral (mg/kg) Dermal (mg/kg) organophophate 980 10,250 Manufacturer Valent

41. Pesticide toxicity to humans Pesticide (Common Name) Trade Name(s) dimethoate Cygon LD50 LD50 Classification Oral (mg/kg) Dermal (mg/kg) organophophate 235 400 Manufacturer UAP

42. Pesticide toxicity to humans Pesticide (Common Name) Trade Name(s) imidacloprid Merit, Marathon, Provado, Admire LD50 LD50 Classification Oral (mg/kg) Dermal (mg/kg) chloronicotinyl 460 2,000 Manufacturer Bayer

43. Category I. Contain signal words—Danger/Poison. In addition, a skull and crossbones symbol is required on labels which are described as highy toxic. These pesticides have an acute oral LD50 range of 0 to 50 mg/kg.

44. Category II. Contain the signal word—Warning. Pesticides in this category are described as moderately toxic. They have an acute oral LD50 range of 50 to 500 mg/kg.

45. Category III. Contain the signal word—Caution. These are slightly toxic pesticides They have an acute oral LD50 range of 500 to 5000 mg/kg.

46. Category IV. Contain the signal word—Caution. These are very low toxicity pesticides that have an acute oral LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg.

47. 1. Properties: Pyrethroid Contact insecticides that Destabilize nerve cell membranes.Chemistry based on botanical extracts of Pyrethrum Long Residuals Toxic to fish and cats Toxic to bees Low mammalian toxicity

48. Pyrethroids Bifenthrin  (Talstar) *M Bifenthrin  (Talstar) *B Cyfluthrin  (Decathalon)  *HO Deltamethrin  (Deltagard) Fluvalinate (Mavrik)  * Lamda cyhalothrin (Scimitar, Battle) *M Permethrin (Astro, Spectracide) *B, *HO NURSERY ASTRO LOST BORER LABEL; USE Permethrin pro, Micro Flo *M = miticide *B = borers *HO= for home owners

49. 2. Properties: Neoronicotynil Neurotoxins with action similar to chlorinated hydrocarbons Low mammalian toxicity Low duration of environmental persistence

50. Neoronicotynils Merit/Marathon (Bayer, Olympic), AI: Imidacloprid Action: Soil applied systemic, foliar, injected Target: Honeydew producing insects, beetle larvae, leaf miners, borers Labeled sites: Nursery, greenhouse, Christmas tree, landscape interiorscape, turf Compatibility with beneficial insects: Mod; Long residual gives control for months