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Understanding Participles: Active, Passive, Perfect & Deponent

Learn about verbal adjectives, including active and passive participles, their agreement with nouns, tenses, and the unique aspect of deponent verbs. Discover how to identify and use present active and perfect passive participles correctly.

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Understanding Participles: Active, Passive, Perfect & Deponent

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  1. Participle Review Present Active Perfect Passive Perfect deponent (“Active”)

  2. Participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES • Verbal • Formed from a verb • i.e. an ACTION is involved • Adjectival • Describes a person, place, or thing • Must AGREE with the noun it describes in • PERSON • NUMBER • GENDER

  3. VOICE • Active • DOES action • He throws the ball. • She sings a song. • They write plays. • Passive • RECEIVES action • A ball is (being) thrown by him. • A song is (being) sung by her. • Plays are (being) written by them. • NOTE: voice has NOTHING to do with tense. PASSIVE voice, is NOT the same as PAST tenses.

  4. TENSE • WHEN the action occurs. • Present • I sing/I do sing/ I am singing • Imperfect • I was singing/I used to sing • Perfect • I sang/I did sing/ I have sung • Pluperfect • I had sung

  5. Putting it all together… • A PRESENT ACTIVE participle: • Describes a noun. • But unlike a normal adjective, it involves ACTION. • DOES the action. • Is happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main action of the sentence. • I see the RUNNING man. • A PERFECT PASSIVE participle: • Describes a noun. • But unlike a normal adjective, it involves ACTION. • RECEIVES the action. • Happened BEFORE the main action of the sentence. • The boys, HAVING BEEN CALLED, returned home.

  6. What do these look like? Present Active Perfect Passive • 2nd part of the verb 4th part of verb • 3rd decl. endings 1st/2nd decl. endings • ___ us/a/um • 1s i/ae/i • i o/ae/o • em um/am/um • e o/ā/o • esi/ae/a • um orum/arum/orum • ibus is/is/is • esos/as/a • ibus is/is/is

  7. One last type of participle: • PERFECT DEPONENT • When does the action take place? • How do you know this? • What does it mean to be a “deponent?” • This refers to a specific subset of verbs that are a bit weird. They look PASSIVE, but are translated ACTIVE. • In other words, although they look EXACTLY the same as perfect PASSIVE participles, we translate them to show that they DID the action. • Perfect PASSIVE participle = • Having BEEN verbED • Perfect DEPONENT participle= • HAVING verbED.

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