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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Cell structure and function. Chapter 3 Cell structure and protein function. Structure determines function. That which alters structure alters function. Cells: membranes ─ internal and external partitions nucleus ─ genomic DNA ribosomes ─ protein synthesis

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Cell structure and function

  2. Chapter 3Cell structure and protein function • Structure determines function. • That which alters structure alters function. • Cells: • membranes─internal and external partitions • nucleus─genomic DNA • ribosomes─protein synthesis • endoplasmic reticulum─synthesis and calcium dynamics • Golgi apparatus─secreted proteins • mitochondria─ATP synthesis • miscellaneous organelles

  3. Chapter 3Cell structure and protein function (cont.) • Central dogma: genes to proteins • transcription (DNA to RNA)  • splicing (RNA to mRNA)  • translation (mRNA code determines • amino acid sequence in protein synthesis) • ATP/chemical energy: substrate/oxidative phosphorylation • Enzymes and metabolic pathways

  4. Figure 3-2 Cell Structure Sizes, on a log scale.

  5. Figure 3-3 Electron Micrograph of organelles in a hepatocyte (liver cell).

  6. Human Cell Figure 3-4 Organelles have their own membranes.

  7. Membrane functions:

  8. Figure 3-6 Membrance structure Electron micrograph and sketch of plasma membrane surrounding a human red blood cell.

  9. Arrangement of integral and peripheral proteins Figure 3-7 Phospholipid bilayer

  10. Figure 3-8 The amino acids along the membrane section are likely to have non-polar side chains Circles represent amino acids in the linear sequence of the protein Schematic cartoon of a transmembrane protein.

  11. Figure 3-9 Drawing of the fluid-mosaic model of membranes, showing the phospholipid bilayer and imbedded proteins.

  12. Membrane junctions: Figure 3-10a Desmosomes provide strong attachments.

  13. Tight junctions prevent leaks. Figure 3-10b

  14. Connexons Figure 3-10d Gap junctions communicate and coordinate.

  15. Nucleus and nucleolus Figure 3-11 {site of ribosome assembly} {genomic DNA} Ribosomes

  16. Endoplasmic reticulum: Figure 3-12

  17. Golgi apparatus: Figure 3-13

  18. Mitochondria: Figure 3-14

  19. Endosomes:membrane-bound vesicular and tubular structures, Located between the plasma membrane and the golgi apparatus Function as Golgi apparatus in sorting and modifying, and directiong Vesicles Lysosomes: Are spherical or oval organelles Highly acidic, and contains digestives enzymes, To destroy bacteria Peroxisomes: Dense oval bodies H2O2 is toxic to the cell

  20. Figure 3-15 Protein filaments function in movement and support.

  21. Thank you for your attention,,,

  22. Figure 3-16 NUCLEUS The DNA code is “transcribed” into mRNA. RIBOSOMES The mRNA is “translated” to give instructions for proteins synthesis.

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