The physical World

1. The physical World Chapter 2

2. Continents are landmasses that protrude above the bodies of water on earth. • Africa • Asia • Antarctica • Australia • Europe • North America • South America

3. 3 Basic parts of the earth’s interior • Core: solid, metallic center • Mantle: soft layer of molten rock • Crust: thin layer of rock on the earth’s surface.

4. 4 Basic Spheres found on or above the earth

5. Atmosphere • Contains the oxygen we breathe, protects the earth from radiation, and provides the medium for weather and climate.

6. Lithosphere • The solid rock portion of the earth’s surface.

7. Hydrosphere • Made up of the water elements of the earth. • Ex: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and water in the atmosphere.

8. Biosphere • The part of the earth where plants and animals live.

9. Continental Drift • This theory maintains that the earth was one continent that broke apart into different plates upon which the separate continents rested. Note how the continents fit like puzzle pieces.

12. Oceans • Atlantic • Pacific • Indian • Arctic

13. The Water Cycle: The continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.

15. Landforms • Naturally formed features on the surface of the earth.

16. Continental Shelf • The earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the drop-off to the deep part of the ocean.

17. Relief • The difference in elevation in a landform from its lowest point to its highest point.

18. Topography • A combination of surface shape and the composition of landforms.

19. Tectonic Plates

20. What causes earthquakes? • Crust movement along the plate boundary-radiated through fault lines.

21. Where do most earthquakes occur? • Along the Pacific Ring of Fire.

23. What are some effects of earthquakes?

24. Tsunami • Earthquakes can cause these waves in the ocean that can become a towering wall of water as it approaches the coastline.

25. Volcano • A giant fissure in the earth’s crust where expanding gases and magma have built up and either exploded (cone) or flowed (shield)

26. Lava • When magma reaches the earth’s surface it is called lava.

27. Weathering: Mechanical • Processes that breaks rock into smaller pieces; freezing, plant roots, etc.

28. Weathering: Chemical • Rock changes as a result of interaction with elements in the air or water. For example: acid rain.

29. Erosion: Water • The force of the flowing water can carve out a new landform, as seen here.

30. Erosion: Delta • The erosive power of a river can wash sediment far down stream and deposit it at the mouth creating a fan-like buildup called a delta.

31. Erosion: Wind • Powerful winds can strip the topsoil off and carry it for miles.

32. Erosion: Loess • Wind-blown silt that accumulates and creates very fertile soil.

33. Glacial Erosion • Glaciers are massive-moving sheets of ice. They bulldoze as they advance and scrape out as they recede.

34. Glacial Erosion • Glaciation is the changing of the landscape through glacier movement.

35. Glacial Erosion • Moraine: rocks left behind by the glacier may form a ridge or a hill.

36. Largest Continent? • What: Asia • Where: Eastern Hemisphere

37. Smallest Continent? • What: Australia • Where: South Pacific

38. Largest Ocean? • What: Pacific

39. Longest River? • What: Nile • Where: East Africa

40. Largest Lake? • What: Caspian Sea • Where: Eurasia

41. Deepest Lake? • What: Baikal • Where: Asia

42. Highest Mountain? • What: Mt. Everest • Where: Nepal-Tibet

43. Highest Waterfall? • What: Angel Falls • Where: Venezuela

44. Largest Desert? • What: Sahara • Where: Northern Africa

45. Lowest Continental point? • What: Shores of the Dead Sea • Where: Israel-Jordan

46. THE END