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The Physical World

Chapter 2. The Physical World. Chapter 2, Section 1: Planet Earth. Our Solar System The Planets Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Earth Water, Land, Air Landforms Earth’s Heights and Depths. The Solar System. Asteroid Belt. Kuiper Belt (Ice and Pluto)

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The Physical World

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  1. Chapter 2 The Physical World

  2. Chapter 2, Section 1: Planet Earth • Our Solar System • The Planets • Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids • Earth • Water, Land, Air • Landforms • Earth’s Heights and Depths

  3. The Solar System Asteroid Belt Kuiper Belt (Ice and Pluto) All of this is surrounded by the Oort Cloud Terrestrial planets Gas giant planets

  4. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteroids • Comets are icy clumps of dust • Meteoroids are pieces of space debris • Meteors are shootings stars (burning in the atmosphere) • Meteorites are the meteoroids that hit the Earth

  5. Water, Land, and Air • Water = hydrosphere • Land = lithosphere • Air = atmosphere • Life = biosphere (Now I draw)

  6. Landforms, Heights and Depths • The natural features of the Earth’s surface (water included) • A continental shelf is an underwater extension of the coastal plain • Mount Everest is the highest point of Earth • The shore of the Dead Sea is the lowest dry point on earth • The Mariana Trench is the actual lowest point on Earth

  7. Chapter 2, Section 2: Forces of Change • Earth’s Structure • Internal Forces of Change • Plate tectonics • Folds and faults • Earthquakes and volcanoes • External Forces of Change • Weathering • Erosion • Soil Building

  8. Earth’s Structure • Earth is like an ogre • Earth’s layers are: • Crust • Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core

  9. Pangea • The theory that the continents were all once connected and then slowly drifted apart is called continental drift • The movement of plates = plate tectonics • Plates move because they are more or less floating on magma

  10. Forces of Change • 3Ways Plate Tectonics Work • Convergent (Subduction) • Divergent (Spreading) • Faulting (Transform)

  11. Convergent (Subduction) • A heavier sea plate dives beneath a continental plate lighter plate • This is a cause for the formation of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions • Earthquakes

  12. Divergent (Spreading) • Two sea plates pull apart • Earthquakes Iceland

  13. Faulting (Transform) • Two plates slide against each other in opposite directions, like a highway • Faulting occurs when the folded land cannot be bent any further • Earthquakes San Andreas Fault (California)

  14. Earthquakes • Earthquakes are a direct reaction to plate tectonics • Earthquakes (strong ones too) are relatively common on the West Coast and Japan (San Francisco, Los Angeles, Kobe) • This is because these places are located along theRing of Fire, one of the most earthquake-prone areas on the planet

  15. External Forces of Change • Weathering: Wind and water breaks down rocks • Erosion: Wind, water, and glaciers wears away the Earth’s surface • Wind Erosion: when wind wears away the Earth’s surface • Water Erosion: when water wears away The Earth’s surface • Glacial Erosion: when glaciers wear away the Earth’s surface (+ Greenland, Antarctica) • Soil Building: Wind, temperature, rainfall, biology, etc. determine the type of soil that can develop • Rivers moving soil downstream • Worms, living and dead plants (and animals) • Etc.

  16. Is this an example of erosion or weathering?

  17. Chapter 2, Section 3: Earth’s Water • The Water Cycle • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Bodies of Salt Water • Oceans • Salt Water to Freshwater (Desalination through Distillation) • Bodies of Freshwater • Lakes, streams, and rivers • Groundwater

  18. The Water Cycle Condensation: Warm air cools, water vapor changes into liquid water Precipitation: when clouds gather more water than they can hold, it rains, snows, or sleets Evaporation: liquid water changes into vapor, or gas

  19. Bodies of Saltwater: Oceans • About 97% of Earth’s water consists of a huge, continuous ocean that circles the planet • This continuous body of water is divided into five oceans: • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern (Might as well be called the Antarctic Ocean)

  20. Bodies of Salt Water: Seas, Gulfs, and Bays • Seas, gulfs, and bays are bodies of salt water smaller than oceans • They are often partially enclosed by land • Mediterranean Sea is almost entirely encircled by southern Europe • Gulf of Mexico is nearly encircled by the coasts of the USA and Mexico

  21. Study This (and the orange circles)

  22. Salt Water to Freshwater • Desalination: turning ocean water into freshwater But this is very expensive

  23. Bodies of Freshwater • Lakes, streams, and rivers • You know what a lake is. Streams are smaller rivers. • Groundwater: freshwater that lies beneath the Earth’s surface • Groundwater comes from rain and melted snow • We obtain groundwater through springs and wells • Aquifer: An underground porous rock layer saturated by flows of water

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