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Understanding Cellular Energy: ATP, Enzymes, and Thermodynamics in Biological Systems

This overview explores the fundamental concepts of cellular energy, including the role of ATP, the principles of thermodynamics, and how enzymes function in energy transformation. Key topics covered include endergonic and exergonic reactions, the laws of thermodynamics, phosphorylation, enzyme activity, and the impact of inhibitors. Learn about the significance of ATP's structure and the enzymatic pathways that sustain life, along with factors affecting enzyme efficiency such as pH and salt concentration.

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Understanding Cellular Energy: ATP, Enzymes, and Thermodynamics in Biological Systems

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  1. Cell Energy Review PART A: Energy, ATP, Enzymes

  2. What is the capacity to do work? • A. entrophy • B. energy • C. endergonic • D. exergonic

  3. What type of reaction gives off energy (heat)? • Endergonic • Exergonic • Potential • kinetic

  4. Which law of thermodymics states energy conversions reduce the order of the universe? • First • Second • Third • Fourth

  5. Sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions: • Phosphorylation • Energy coupling • Substrate • Cellular metabolism

  6. What is the study of energy transformations? • Entrophy • Thermodynamics • Energy of activation • energology

  7. What is the name of the chemical that gives off light in fireflies? • Emporin • Satanerin • Luciferin • Lactase

  8. What does “induced fit” mean? • Slight change in shape of active site of an enzyme • Slight change in cofactors • Adding a coenzyme to fit • Slight change in shape of substrate

  9. What is EA? • Entropy Area • Energy of active sites • Energy of activation • Enzyme Area

  10. Energy from an endergonic reaction is used for an exergonic reaction is called: • Energy of Activation • Entropy • Phosphorylation • Energy coupling

  11. Adding a phosphate to a molecule is called: • Phosphorylation • Phosphosizing • Phosphating • Phosphodoing

  12. Which Law of Thermodynamics states the total amount of energy in the universe is constant? • First • Second • Third • Fourth • Four and 1/2

  13. What does this symbol mean in a bond? ~ • Strong • Weak • Stable • Unstable

  14. How many phosphates does ATP have? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

  15. Can ADP be regenerated back to ATP? • Yes • No

  16. What three different structures make up ATP? • Phosphates-adenine-deoxyribose • Nitrates-adenine-deoxyribose • Phosphates-guanine-ribose • Phosphates-adenine-ribose

  17. What two sugars make up lactose? • Glucose and sucrose • Glucose and glucose • Glucose and lactase • Glucose and galactose

  18. Zinc, Copper and Iron could act as: • Cofactors • Coenzymes • Enzymes • ATP

  19. Vitamins can act as: • Cofactors • Coenzymes • Enzymes • ATP

  20. What is the substance an enzyme acts on called? • Inhibitor • Substrate • ATP • Cofactor

  21. Most enzymes end in: • -ose • -ise • -ase • -ize

  22. What pH is usually best for enzymes? pH 1-2 pH 4-5 pH 6-8 pH 10-14

  23. Why is salt concentration and pH sometimes a problem for enzymes? • Denatures the enzyme • Pokes holes in it • Ions interfere with the chemical bond • Burns it

  24. What inhibitor does not enter the active site but binds to the enzyme somewhere outside the active site? • Competitive • Noncompetitive • Negative • Activator

  25. What does penicillin do to bacteria? • Inhibits an enzyme that makes cell walls • Poisons the nucleus • Hardens the capsule • Stops its nerves

  26. If an enzyme is an inhibitor, itself, it is called: • Competitive inhibition • Noncompetitive inhibition • Negative feedback • Energy coupling

  27. Cells transfer energy at: • 100% efficiency all the time • 100% efficiency some of the time • Never at 100% efficiency

  28. Which is endergonic? • Plants making glucose • Digestion breaking down glucose • Disaccharides forming monosaccharides • Lactose forming glucose

  29. What is the most important type of energy for living organisms? • Chemical • Electrical • Light • Nuclear

  30. Which is exergonic? • Burning • Cellular Respiration • Light displayed by a firefly • All of the above

  31. Which is an enzyme? • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Nucleic Acid • Protein

  32. Nonprotein helpers of enzymes are called: • Enzyme Buddies • Cofactors • Coenzymes • Couplers

  33. An organic molecule that is a helper of enzymes is: • Enzyme Buddy • Cofactor • Coenzyme • Coupler

  34. What is a chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity? • Enhancer • Inhibitor • Coupler • Metaboler

  35. Which inhibitor resembles the enzyme’s normal substrate and competes with the substrate for the active site? • Negator • Competitive • Noncompetitive • Permeable

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