How would America have to change for you to consider a new type of government?

1. How would America have to change for you to consider a new type of government?

2. The Rise of Dictators The Main Idea The shattering effects of World War I helped set the stage for a new, aggressive type of leader in Europe and Asia. Reading Focus • How did the aftermath of World War I contribute to political problems in Europe? • How did the problems facing Europe in the postwar years lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders?

3. Rise of New Leaders and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

4. Who Would You Vote For? Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health. Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

5. Who Did You Vote For? Contestant #3 Contestant #2 Contestant #1

6. Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 1. Treaty of Versailles A. Germany lost land to surrounding nations B. War Reparations 1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S. 2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent) 3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilsonduring negotiations for the Treaty

7. Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes Treaty of Versailles Great Depressionduring 1930s Totalitarianism Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control-For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Controlof State by aDictator

8. Totalitarianism • What is it? • Describe its characteristics…

9. Totalitarianism • Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural) • Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) • Strict controls and laws • Military state (secret police, army, military) • Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) • Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) • One leader (dictator); charismatic • Total conformity of people to ideas and leader • Terror and Fear

10. Totalitarianism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

12. Communism I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953. What is Communism? • LEFT WING • based on theory by Karl Marx • revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society” • state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership) • Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

13. Fascism I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. What is Fascism? • RIGHT WING • intense nationalism and elitism • totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights • maintain class system and private ownership Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

14. Nazism I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism? • extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party • belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” • belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe • Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

15. 1 The Great Depression Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes Worldwide interrelationship of governments and economies Huge war debts American loans to Europe Widespread use of credit Overproduction of goods Industrial wages rise as farm earnings fall New York stock market crash Farmers unable to repay loans Banks demand repayment of loans American loans to other countries dry up Without capital, businesses and factories fail Long-Term Effects Immediate Effects Rise of fascism and Nazism Governments experiment with social programs People blame scapegoats World War II begins Vast unemployment and misery Protective tariffs imposed Loss of faith in capitalism and democracy Authoritarian leaders emerge

16. The Great Depression intensified existing economic problems. Britain set up a coalition government made up of leaders from all three major parties. The government provided some unemployment benefits. British leaders wanted to relax the Versailles treaty’s harsh treatment of Germany. The French economy recovered fairly quickly. Many political parties competed for power and France was ruled by a series of coalition governments. France created the Maginot Line to secure its borders against Germany. The government strengthened the military and sought alliances with other countries, including the Soviet Union. 1 Britain and France in the Postwar Era BRITAIN FRANCE

18. 1 Unemployment, 1928 – 1938

19. Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals) 3) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues 2. World-wide Depression

20. “The Eternal Jew”Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violenceagainst the Jewish community. This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

21. Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 2. World-wide Depression A. The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders 1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems 1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks

23. Nazi Controls

24. Nazi Military State • GESTAPO: the Secret State Police • SS(Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SA • SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties • Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east • Wehrmacht: German army • HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth • Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units • Volk:all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)

29. Why? A. In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation • 3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Fascism: military government with based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community Totalitarianism Military Dictatorship (Japan)

30. The Rise of Totalitarian Leaders • European struggles and dissatisfaction during the postwar years had a major effect on European politics. • Leaders who reflected the people’s bitterness and anger emerged. • These leaders promised a return to greatness. • This was very appealing to unhappy Europeans, and many were willing to give up basic freedoms in return for future glory.

31. Why? A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist? 1. Great Depression (problems at home) 2. Perceptions of WWI • 4. Isolationism of Major Powers a. WWI did not seem to solve much b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)

32. Why? 3. Opposition to war (Pacifism) • 4. Isolationism of Major Powers a. Washington Conference - Limits on size of country's navies b. Kellogg-Briand pact - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts

33. Why? B. This led to policies of “Appeasement” • 4. Isolationism of Major Powers 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else 2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .

34. Totalitarian Governments • Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land and resources for Japan. • This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government and the strength of Japanese nationalists. Japan/ Manchuria • In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia. • Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help. However, the international community was unwilling to take a stand against aggression. Italy/ Ethiopia • Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Nationalists led to civil war in 1936. • Other countries in Europe and North America helped one side or the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won. Spanish Civil War

35. So What Was Hitler Asking For? • Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938 German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

37. Policy of Appeasement Appeasement • willingness to surrender to an aggressors’ demands to avoid war How was it used prior to World War II? • Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent countries) • Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of Versailles Reality • Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda program for Eastern Europe • Irony= policy used to avoid war but empowered Hitler to continue his aggressive campaign . The only way to stop Hitler was to declare war.

38. Adolf Hitler Gains Power The Rhineland • Germany could not have troops in an area of the Rhine River valley along the French border. • This was meant to protect France against a possible German invasion. • Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936. • France and Britain were unwilling to stop this. The Anschluss • In 1938 Hitler tried to unite the ethnic Germans of Austria with those of Germany. • He tried to force the Austrian government to agree to Anschluss – union with Germany. • When the Austrian government refused, Hitler sent troops into the country. • No one stopped Hitler. The Sudetenland • Hitler began plans to gain control of a German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia. • He encouraged the Germans in the area to protest the Czech government and then threatened a military attack. • Neville Chamberlain and others allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland.

39. STEPS TO WAR How did World War II begin? How did appeasement contribute to World War II?http://www.markville.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/history/history/quotes.pdf

40. What Happenned? • Read pages 705-711 in your text • Complete the graphic organizer • Answer the reflection questions on the next slide

41. Reflect • Was the Treaty of Versailles truly the cause of World War II? Or appeasement? • What do we have to remember about hindsight when examining history? • Could Hitler have been ‘stopped’ at any time prior to 1939? • What was the United States' view of appeasement and another potential war? What was “isolationism” ? • Interested? More videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waI4aq-Rf0o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkSFIw6vePM&feature=related

42. Europe Erupts in War The Main Idea Far from being satisfied by the actions of France and Great Britain, Germany turned to force and triggered the start of World War II. Reading Focus • How did Germany’s actions in 1939 trigger the start of World War II? • Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939? • What developments increased tensions between the United States and Japan in East Asia?

43. The Start of World War II • Neville Chamberlain believed that his policy of appeasement—or giving in to aggressive demands to maintain peace—had prevented the outbreak of war. • Rival British politician Winston Churchill condemned Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement and said it would lead to war. • Churchill was correct; Hitler was not appeased by gaining the Sudentenland. • In 1939 Hitler gained more land by force, made alliances that he hoped would help him in the future, and attacked Poland.

44. Hitler’s Actions in 1939 Czechoslovakia • In March Hitler sent troops into what remained of Czechoslovakia. • Czechoslovakia fell without putting up a fight. • Chamberlain finally realized that Hitler could not be trusted. • Appeasement had failed. Poland • On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. • The German military used the blitzkrieg, or “lightening war.” • Poland fought back to no avail. • By the end of the month, Poland was in German hands. Alliances • Established a pact with Italy • Established a nonaggression pact with Stalin’s Soviet Union • Stalin agreed not to stop Hitler’s expansion and Hitler agreed not to attack Stalin. • This pact shocked many in Europe.

45. German Forces Turn to the West On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. They became known as the Allies. The Allies did not attack Germany. Instead, they decided to wait for Germany to make its next move. They believed that Germany’s army would grow weak trying to invade France. Germany made plans to invade France through the Ardennes Forest. This was rugged terrain and the French army concentrated their defenses elsewhere. For example, the famed Maginot Line was to the south of the Ardennes.

46. German Forces Turn to the West April 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway. • This improved Germany’s access to the Atlantic. • Both countries fell with little resistance. May 1940 Germans invaded France. • Germans conquered the Netherlands and stormed into Belgium. • Belgian, British, and French troops tried to stop the Germans in Belgium. • By early June the Germans had trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers at the French port of Dunkirk. • Meanwhile, German forces attacked France through the Ardennes. The Maginot Line had been bypassed. June 1940 France surrendered to Germany and Italy. • The unoccupied part of France was known as Vichy France. • Many French leaders, including Charles de Gaulle, fled to Great Britain to organize resistance to German and Vichy control of France.