Eating Disorders

1. Eating Disorders Marci Witkamp Casey Christoffersen Ilise Brown

2. Bulimia Nervosa Casey Christoffersen

3. Bulimia is an illness in which a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The affected person then uses various methods -- such as vomiting or laxative abuse -- to prevent weight gain. • Many (but not all) people with bulimia also have anorexia nervosa Bulimia

4. Many more women than men have bulimia. • The disorder is most common in adolescent girls and young women. • The affected person is usually aware that her eating pattern is abnormal and may feel fear or guilt with the binge-purge episodes. Bulimia

5. People with bulimia are often at a normal weight, but they may see themselves as being overweight. • Because the person's weight is often normal, other people may not notice this eating disorder. Bulimia

6. The exact cause of bulimia is unknown. • Some blame it on the media because of its modern definition of what’s beautiful and sexy. Causes

7. In bulimia, eating binges may occur as often as several times a day for many months. • People with bulimia often eat large amounts of high-calorie foods, usually in secret. People can feel a lack of control over their eating during these episodes. • Binges lead to self-disgust, which causes purging to prevent weight gain. Binge eating/purging

8. Purging may include: • Forcing ones self to vomit • Excessive exercise • Use of laxatives, enemas, or diuretics (water pills) • Purging often brings a sense of relief. Purging

9. Symptoms of Bulimia can include: • Compulsive exercise • Throwing away packages of laxatives, diet pills, emetics (drugs that cause vomiting) or diuretics • Regularly going to the bathroom right after meals • Suddenly eating large amounts of food or buying large amounts of food that disappear right away Symptoms

10. A dental exam may show cavities or gum infections (such as gingivitis). The enamel of the teeth may be worn away or pitted because of too much exposure to the acid in vomit. Signs and Tests

11. A physical examination may also show: • Broken blood vessels in the eyes (from the strain of vomiting) • Dry mouth • Pouch-like look to the corners of the mouth due to swollen salivary glands • Rashes and pimples • Small cuts and calluses across the tops of the finger joints from forcing oneself to vomit Signs and Tests

12. People with bulimia rarely have to go to the hospital, unless: • Binge-purge cycles have led to anorexia • Drugs are needed to help them stop purging • Major depression is present Treatment

13. Most often, a stepped approach is used for patients with bulimia. The treatment approach depends on how severe the bulimia is, and the person's response to treatments: • Support groups may be helpful for patients with mild conditions who do not have any health problems. • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and nutritional therapy are the preferred first treatments for bulimia that does not respond to support groups. • Antidepressants known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for bulimia. A combination of CBT and SSRIs is very effective if CBT is not effective alone. Treatment

14. Bulimia can be dangerous. It may lead to serious medical complications over time. For example, vomiting over and over again puts stomach acid in the esophagus which can permanently damage this area. Possible complications include: • Constipation • Dehydration • Dental cavities • Electrolyte imbalances • Hemorrhoids • Pancreatitis • Swelling of the throat • Tears of the esophagus from too much vomiting COMPLICATIONS

15. Anorexia

16. A: It’s a eating disorder with three key factors. The Factors are: • refusal to maintain a healthy body weight • an intense fear of gaining weight • a distorted body image What is Anorexia?

17. Anorexia is a serious and potentially deadly eating disorder, more importantly it’s a psychological disorder. • Thoughts about dieting, food, and your body may take up most of your day—leaving little or no time for friends, family, and other activities you would enjoy. Life becomes a relentless pursuit of thinness and going to extremes to lose weight. • Many people deny of having a problem. Someone who servers

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS2mfWDryPE&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS2mfWDryPE&feature=player_embedded Life of anorexia

19. (psychological and behavioral) • Seriously Underweight • Irritable or easily upset • Hard time interacting with others • Lack of sleep • Fatigue • Lack of attention • Become compulsive • Constantly thinking about food • Eager to please and strive for perfection • Exercise constantly • Other addiction such as: alcohol, drugs, and gambling • Distorted body images Signs and Symptoms

20. (physically) • Slow heart rate • Low blood pressure • Constipation • Abdominal pain • Damage in liver • Changes in enzyme level • Disturbance in the menstrual cycle • Increased or decreased of urination • Thinning of the bones • Electrolyte imbalance • Anemia • High cholesterol levels • Dry, flaky skin • Hair and nails become brittle • Tooth lose • Yellowish skin Signs and Symptoms

21. 95% of those affected are female, more of them teens. • Males also are affected by this disorder. • Mostly Caucasians • More common in middle and upper groups Who at risk?

22. We as people have not figured out why this disorder comes about, but we do think there are many factors that play a big role in it such as: • Genetics • Family pressure • Culture • Personality disorder • HormonalAbnormalities • Peer pressure • Media Cause of anorexia

23. Admit you have a problem • Talk to someone • Stay away from people, places, and activities that trigger your obsession with being thin • Seek professional help Set goals to do with the following: • Get back to a healthy weight • Start to eat more food • Change how you think about yourself and food Treatment

24. It can lead to suicide • Cardiac arrest • DEATH Outcomes of the disorder

25. It estimated that one out of ever 100 will develop anorexia • 6% of anorexia victims die from complications of the disease. • 20% of people with anorexia remain chronically ill from the condition. Statics

26. Websites • www.anorexiatreatment.com • www.remudaranch.com/AnorexiaHelp • www.anad.org Telephone #’s • ANAD (Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders) 630-577-1330 • Center for Change 801-224-8255 Helpline

27. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) Compulsive Overeating

28. BINGE EATING DISORDER characterized primarily by periods of uncontrolled, impulsive, or continuous eating beyond the point of feeling comfortably full. While there is no purging, there may be sporadic fasts or repetitive diets and often feelings of shame or self-hatred after a binge. People who overeat compulsively may struggle with anxiety, depression, and loneliness, which can contribute to their unhealthy episodes of binge eating. Body weight may vary from normal to mild, moderate, or severe obesity.

29. People with binge eating disorder often eat an unusually large amount of food and feel out of control during the binges. Unlike bulimia or anorexia, binge eaters do not throw up their food, exercise a lot, or eat only small amounts of only certain foods. Because of this, binge eaters are often overweight or obese. People with binge eating disorder also may: • Eat more quickly than usual during binge episodes • Eat until they are uncomfortably full • Eat when they are not hungry • Eat alone because of embarrassment • Feel disgusted, depressed, or guilty after overeating What is it?

30. Causes of binge eating and compulsive overeating • Generally, it takes a combination of things to develop binge eating disorder — including a person's genes, emotions, and experience. • Biological causes of binge eating disorder • Biological abnormalities can contribute to binge eating. For example, the hypothalamus (the part of the brain that controls appetite) may not be sending correct messages about hunger and fullness. Researchers have also found a genetic mutation that appears to cause food addiction. Finally, there is evidence that low levels of the brain chemical serotonin play a role in compulsive eating. • Social and cultural causes of binge eating disorder • Social pressure to be thin can add to the shame binge eaters feel and fuel their emotional eating. Some parents unwittingly set the stage for binge eating by using food to comfort, dismiss, or reward their children. Children who are exposed to frequent critical comments about their bodies and weight are also vulnerable, as are those who have been sexually abused in childhood. • Psychological causes of binge eating disorder • Depression and binge eating are strongly linked. Many binge eaters are either depressed or have been before; others may have trouble with impulse control and managing and expressing their feelings. Low self-esteem, loneliness, and body dissatisfaction may also contribute to binge eating. • Binge eating and stress • One of the most common reasons for binge eating is an attempt to manage unpleasant emotions such as stress, depression, loneliness, fear, and anxiety. When you have a bad day, it can seem like food is your only friend. Binge eating can temporarily make feelings such as stress, sadness, anxiety, depression, and boredom evaporate into thin air. But the relief is only very fleeting. Causes

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIGMIBkFqVA

32. Effects of binge eating disorder • Binge eating leads to a wide variety of physical, emotional, and social problems. People with binge eating disorder report more health issues, stress, insomnia, and suicidal thoughts than people without an eating disorder. Depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are common side effects as well. But the most prominent effect of binge eating disorder is weight gain. • Obesity and binge eating • Over time, compulsive overeating usually leads to obesity. Obesity, in turn, causes numerous medical complications, including: • Type 2 diabetes • Gallbladder disease • High cholesterol • High blood pressure • Heart disease   • Certain types of cancer • Osteoarthritis • Joint and muscle pain • Gastrointestinal problems • Sleep apnea Effects

33. Signs and symptoms of binge eating disorder • People with binge eating disorder are embarrassed and ashamed of their eating habits, so they often try to hide their symptoms and eat in secret. Many binge eaters are overweight or obese, but some are of normal weight. • Behavioral symptoms of binge eating and compulsive overeating • Inability to stop eating or control what you’re eating • Rapidly eating large amounts of food • Eating even when you’re full • Hiding or stockpiling food to eat later in secret • Eating normally around others, but gorging when you’re alone • Eating continuously throughout the day, with no planned mealtimes • Emotional symptoms of binge eating and compulsive overeating • Feeling stress or tension that is only relieved by eating • Embarrassment over how much you’re eating • Feeling numb while bingeing—like you’re not really there or you’re on auto-pilot. • Never feeling satisfied, no matter how much you eat • Feeling guilty, disgusted, or depressed after overeating • Desperation to control weight and eating habits Signs and Symptoms

34. How to stop binge eating • It can be difficult to overcome binge eating and food addiction. Unlike other addictions, your “drug” is necessary for survival, so you don’t have the option of avoiding it. Instead, you must develop a healthier relationship with food—a relationship that’s based on meeting your nutritional needs, not your emotional ones. • In order to stop the unhealthy pattern of binge eating, it’s important to start eating for health and nutrition. Healthy eating involves making balanced meal plans, choosing healthy foods when eating out, and making sure you’re getting the right vitamins and minerals in your diet. How to Stop

35. 10 Strategies for Overcoming Binge Eating • Manage stress. One of the most important aspects of controlling binge eating is to find alternate ways to handle stress and other overwhelming feelings without using food. These may include exercising, meditating, using sensory relaxation strategies, and practicing simple breathing exercises. • Eat 3 meals a day plus healthy snacks.  Eating breakfast jump starts your metabolism in the morning. Follow breakfast with a balanced lunch and dinner, and healthy snacks in between. Stick to scheduled mealtimes, as skipping meals often leads to binge eating later in the day. • Avoid temptation. You’re much more likely to overeat if you have junk food, desserts, and unhealthy snacks in the house. Remove the temptation by clearing your fridge and cupboards of your favorite binge foods. • Stop dieting. The deprivation and hunger of strict dieting can trigger food cravings and the urge to overeat. Instead of dieting, focus on eating in moderation. Find nutritious foods that you enjoy and eat only until you feel content, not uncomfortably stuffed. Avoid banning certain foods as this can make you crave them even more. • Exercise. Not only will exercise help you lose weight in a healthy way, but it also lifts depression, improves overall health, and reduces stress. The natural mood-boosting effects of exercise can help put a stop to emotional eating. • Fight boredom. Instead of snacking when you're bored, distract yourself. Take a walk, call a friend, read, or take up a hobby such as painting or gardening. • Get enough sleep. If you're tired, you may want to keep eating in order to boost your energy. Take a nap or go to bed earlier instead. • Listen to your body. Learn to distinguish between physical and emotional hunger. If you ate recently and don't have a rumbling stomach, you're probably not really hungry. Give the craving time to pass. • Keep a food diary. Write down what you eat, when, how much, and how you're feeling when you eat. You may see patterns emerge that reveal the connection between your moods and binge eating. • Get support. You're more likely to succumb to binge eating triggers if you lack a solid support network. Talking helps, even if it’s not with a professional. Lean on family and friends, join a support group, and if possible consult a therapist. Help Yourself

36. Helping someone with binge eating disorder • Warning signs that a loved one is bingeing include finding piles of empty food packages and wrappers, cupboards and refrigerators that have been cleaned out, and hidden stashes of high-calorie or junk food. If you suspect that your friend or family member has binge eating disorder, talk to the person about your concerns. It may seem daunting to start such a delicate conversation, and your loved one may deny bingeing or become angry and defensive, but there’s a chance that he or she will welcome the opportunity to talk about their painful struggle. • If the person shuts you out at first, don’t give up; it may take some time before your loved one is willing to admit to having a problem. And remember: as difficult as it is to know that someone you love may be have an eating disorder, you can’t force someone to change. The decision to seek recovery has to come from them. You can help by offering your compassion, encouragement, and support throughout the treatment process. • Encourage them to seek help. The longer an eating disorder remains undiagnosed and untreated, the more difficult it will be to overcome, so urge your loved one to see a health professional. • Be supportive. Try to listen without judgment and make sure the person knows you care. If your loved one slips up on the road to recovery, remind them that it doesn’t mean they can’t quit binge eating for good. • Avoid insults, lectures, or guilt trips. Binge eaters feel bad enough about themselves and their behavior already. Lecturing, getting upset, or issuing ultimatums to a binge eater will only increase stress and make the situation worse. Instead, make it clear that you care about the person’s health and happiness and you’ll continue to be there for him or her. • Set a good example by eating healthily, exercising, and managing stress without food. • Take care of yourself. Know when to seek advice for yourself from a counselor or health professional. Dealing with an eating disorder can be stressful, and it will help if you have your own support system in place. How to Help

37. Binge eating disorder is the most common eating disorder in the U.S • It affects more than eight million men and women and accounts for three times the number of those diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia together. • About 2 percent of all adults in the United States (as many as 4 million Americans) have binge eating disorder. Binge eating disorder affects women slightly more often than men. BED Stats

38. Pressure to be Perfect

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF_gTaC_nmU&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ei6JvK0W60I&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcN8V2KrIes&feature=related

40. General: • • Almost 50% of people with eating disorders meet the criteria for depression• Only 1 in 10 men and women with eating disorders receive treatment. Only 35% of people that receive treatment for eating disorders get treatment at a specialized facility for eating disorders• Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder) in the U.S• Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness • Students: • • 91% of women surveyed on a college campus had attempted to control their weight through dieting. 22% dieted “often” or “always.• 86% report onset of eating disorder by age 20; 43% report onset between ages of 16 and 20• Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents• 95% of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25• 25% of college-aged women engage in bingeing and purging as a weight-management technique• The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate associated with all causes of death for females 15-24 years old• Over one-half of teenage girls and nearly one-third of teenage boys use unhealthy weight control behaviors such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting, and taking laxatives.• In a survey of 185 female students on a college campus, 58% felt pressure to be a certain weight, and of the 83% that dieted for weight loss, 44% were of normal weight • Men: • • An estimated 10-15% of people with anorexia or bulimia are male• Men are less likely to seek treatment for eating disorders because of the perception that they are “woman’s diseases.”• Among gay men, nearly 14% appeared to suffer from bulimia and over 20% appeared to be anorexic. • Media, Perception, Dieting: • • 95% of all dieters will regain their lost weight within 5 years• 35% of “normal dieters” progress to pathological dieting. Of those, 20-25% progress to partial or full-syndrome eating disorders• The body type portrayed in advertising as the ideal is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females• 47% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to lose weight because of magazine pictures• 69% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported that magazine pictures influenced their idea of a perfect body shape• 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner (Collins, 1991).• 81% of 10 year olds are afraid of being fat (Mellin et al., 1991). • For Women: • • Women are much more likely than men to develop an eating disorder. Only an estimated 5 to 15 percent of people with anorexia or bulimia are male• An estimated 0.5 to 3.7 percent of women suffer from anorexia nervosa in their lifetime. Research suggests that about 1 percent of female adolescents have anorexia• An estimated 1.1 to 4.2 percent of women have bulimia nervosa in their lifetime• An estimated 2 to 5 percent of Americans experience binge-eating disorder in a 6-month period• About 50 percent of people who have had anorexia develop bulimia or bulimic patterns• 20% of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, including suicide and heart problems • Mortality Rates: • Although eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder,  the mortality rates reported on those who suffer from eating disorders can vary considerably between studies and sources. Part of the reason why there is a large variance in the reported number of deaths caused by eating disorders is because those who suffer from an eating disorder may ultimately die of heart failure, organ failure, malnutrition or suicide. Often, the medical complications of death are reported instead of the eating disorder that  compromised a person’s health. • According to a study done by colleagues at the American Journal of Psychiatry (2009), crude mortality rates were: • • 4% for anorexia nervosa • • 3.9%  for bulimia nervosa • • 5.2% for eating disorder not otherwise specified • Athletes: • • Risk Factors: In judged sports – sports that score participants – prevalence of eating disorders is 13% (compared with 3% in refereed sports)• Significantly higher rates of eating disorders found in elite athletes (20%), than in a female control group (9%)• Female athletes in aesthetic sports (e.g. gynmastics, ballet, figure skating) found to be at the highest risk for eating disorders• A comparison of the psychological profiles of athletes and those with anorexia found these factors in common: perfectionism, high self-expectations, competitiveness, hyperactivity, repetitive exercise routines, compulsiveness, drive, tendency toward depression, body image distortion, pre-occupation with dieting and weight.21

41. Eating Disorder Statistics • Over one person's lifetime, at least 50,000 individuals will die as a direct result of their eating disorder. Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20%) of people with serious eating disorders die. With treatment, that number falls to two to three percent (2-3%). Eating Disorders affect a large number of people in the United States. • The statistics state that: • * Approximately 7 million girls and women struggle with eating disorders * Approximately 1 million boys and men struggle with eating disorders • Amount of people affected by specific eating disorders: • * 0.5% - 3.7% of females suffer from Anorexia Nervosa in their lifetime * 1.1% - 4.2% of females suffer from Bulimia Nervosa in their lifetime * 2% - 5% of the American population experience Binge Eating Disorder * 10%-25% of all those battling anorexia will die as a direct result of the eating disorder * Up to 19% of college aged women in America are bulimic Age at onset of an eating disorder: * 10% report onset at 10 years or younger * 33% report onset between ages of 11-15 * 43% report onset between ages of 16-20 * 86% report onset of illness by the age of 20 • College * As many as 10% of college women suffer from a clinical or nearly clinical eating disorder, including 5.1% who suffer from bulimia nervosa* Studies indicate that by their first year of college, 4.5 to 18% of women and 0.4% of men have a history of bulimia and that as many as 1% of females between the ages of 12 and 18 have anorexia • With treatment, about sixty percent (60%) of people with eating disorders recover. In spite of treatment, about twenty percent (20%) of people with eating disorders make only partial recoveries. The remaining twenty percent (20%) do not improve, even with treatment. • Up to 40 percent of people who are obese may be binge eaters. • The eating disorder known as binge eating disorder affects approximately 1-5% of the U.S. population, according to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA). The most recently described eating disorder, binge eating disorder is also likely the most common eating disorder. • Binge eating disorder is a mental illness that is characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating without efforts of the individual with this illness trying to control their weight by undoing the binge episodes by purging, excessively exercising, and/or inappropriately using medications like laxatives or diet pills. • Binge eating disorder affects about 3.5% of women and 2% of men over the course of a lifetime, with most developing the condition during adolescence or early adulthood.