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Architecture of an Animal

Architecture of an Animal. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity. Consistency of biological organization comes from the common ancestry of animals Despite a vast range in complexity of organisms, they all share the same inherent design to perform similar functions.

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Architecture of an Animal

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  1. Architecture of an Animal

  2. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity • Consistency of biological organization comes from the common ancestry of animals • Despite a vast range in complexity of organisms, they all share the same inherent design to perform similar functions

  3. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity Individual Organism Organ Systems Organ Tissue Cell

  4. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity • Five major grades of organization among animals (unicellular and multicellular) • Protoplasmic • Cellular • Cell-tissue • Tissue-organ • Organ system

  5. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity—5 levels • Protoplasmic Grade • Unicellular organisms • Perform all life’s functions within cell membrane • Division of labor among various cell structures (organelles, etc) • Ex: Amoeba

  6. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity—5 levels • Cellular Grade • Cells are differentiated, but not so much for a collective function • Division of labor among cells • Example: Sponges

  7. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity—5 levels • Cell-tissue Grade • Cells are grouped together to perform a specific function in the form of a tissue • Form distinct patterns or layers • Ex: Cnidarian nerve net

  8. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity—5 Levels • Tissue-organ Grade • Collection of tissues to form organs • Composed of many kinds of tissues • More specialized than tissues • Ex: Platyhelminthes

  9. Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity—5 levels • Organ-system Grade • Organs work together to perform same function • Highest level of organization • Most phyla exhibit this organization

  10. Animal Body Plans • Ancestral body plans determine and limit the form of its descendants • Body plan can differ in a number of ways: • Symmetry • Germ (cell) layers • Number of body cavities

  11. Animal Symmetry • Three types of Symmetry • Spherical • Radial • Bilateral

  12. Spherical Symmetry • Any plane passing through the center divides the body into equivalent, mirrored halves

  13. Radial Symmetry • Can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis

  14. Radial Symmetry • One end of the longitudinal axis is the mouth (oral) and the other (aboral) • Ex: Sea Anemone

  15. Bilateral Symmetry • Organism can be cut in half along the sagittal plane into two mirrored halves

  16. Bilateral Symmetry—Orientation • Anterior- head end • Posterior- opposite or tail end • Dorsal- back or upper side • Ventral- front or belly side • Medial- middle of the body • Lateral- to the sides • Distal- farther from the middle • Proximal- parts are nearer

  17. Bilateral Symmetry—Orientation • Frontal plane- divides organism into top and bottom half • Sagittal plane- divides organism into left and right halves • Transverse plane (cross section)-separates into anterior and posterior halves

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