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The impact of p arents´employment on gender inequalities in the Czech Republic after 1989 *

The impact of p arents´employment on gender inequalities in the Czech Republic after 1989 *. Hana Maříková Institute of Sociology, CAS, v.v.i. Praha. Changes after 1989 in the CR. CR – the country with a very low fertility rate Decrease in female employment

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The impact of p arents´employment on gender inequalities in the Czech Republic after 1989 *

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  1. The impact of parents´employmenton gender inequalities in the Czech Republic after 1989 * Hana Maříková Institute of Sociology, CAS, v.v.i. Praha

  2. Changes after 1989 in the CR • CR – the country with a very low fertility rate • Decrease in female employment • Debates on fertility + female employment (debates on welfare state + gender regime)

  3. Graph 1: Fertility rate in the CR

  4. Graph 2: An average age of mothers in the 1st childbirth, in all childbirths

  5. Female employment and its context in the CR • Before and after 1989: 46 % of women in the 80s, 44.3 % in 1990 • Changes in social policies – family policy and employment policy affected W´s + M´s lifes and work paths as parents (the right to care preferred to right to work in the W´s case)

  6. Table 1: The number of nurseries in the Czech Republic since 1988

  7. Graph 3: Femele employment rate in the Visegrad countries

  8. Graph 4: Employment impact of parenthood - female

  9. Graph 5: Employment impact of parenthood - male

  10. What about men – fathers in the CR? • Until 1990 (parental) allowance for fathers only in specific life situations (Act No. 110/1984 Sb.) • October 1990: „parental allowance“ was introduced (e.g. also for all fathers) • 2001: parental leave (in the Labour Code)

  11. Graph 6: Absolute number of men on the parental leave (or at home to take care) in a given year (in thousands)

  12. Graph 7: Women on parental leave as percentage of the total number of parents on the parental leave in a given year

  13. Causes of low representation of men on parental leave Institutional level: • Until 2008: a parental allowance = one fixed sum • After 2008: 3 fixed sums • Absence of a parental quota • Absence of paternal (daddy) leave • Lack of support on the company level

  14. Graph 8: Uptake of parental leave by Norwegian fathers (of those who were entitled to the leave) between 1988 and 1998 (in %) • Source: Brandt and Kvande 1995.

  15. Impact of motherhood on female work • Lower career chances • Lower income • Higher unemployment rate (see next slide) • Lower pensions (women´s average pension in the long term = 0.81 % of men´s average pension)

  16. Graph 9: Female unemployment by age (in %)

  17. Table 2: Gender pay gap in the average gross hourly wage by age (women compared to men in 2004 and 2010)

  18. Inequalities in the private sphere • Unequal distribution of the domestic work and child care • In 63.5 % families with children up to 10 – traditional division of labour and care (Parents 2005) • Family as an inhibitor for women in the LM • Family as a stimulator for men

  19. Conclusion • Reinforcing familialistic tendency in the Czech family policy / male breadwinner – female carer model - low fertility rate - low employment rate of mothers - lower chances on the LM for mothers - increase in gender inequalities in the sphere of paid work + unpaid work (in the private sphere) Questions: For whom is this model adventageous? Is not finally time to change it?

  20. Thank you! Hana Maříková hana.marikova@soc.cas.cz

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