Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in Subcontinent

1. Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in Subcontinent In context of Subcontinent Dated:22-09-2013 By Muhammad Ali Khan

2. Outline • Introductory • Society • Evolution and Growth • Muslim Society • Evolution of Muslim Society • Earlier period (Prior to 712) • 712 to 1526 • Governing Principles of Evolution • Growth of Muslim Society • Mangols 1526-1757 • Governing Principles of Growth • Fall 1757-1857 • Impacts on Subcontinent • Appraisal

3. Society • People who interact in such a way as to share a common culture • The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, due to shared beliefs, values, and activities • The term society can also have a geographic meaning and refers to people who share a common culture in a particular location

4. Constituents of A Society • Culture • Laws • Government • Institutions • Religion • Economy • Art and Architecture • Identity/Ideology • Collective Consciousness

5. Culture • Consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society • Through culture, people define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society • Culture includes many societal aspects: • language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions • Institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. • Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work,

6. Culture "The complex way of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits of man". • Language • Family as Unit of Society • Division of labor • Moral Code • Art and Architecture

7. Muslim Society • Having Muslin Identity • Culture • Sources of Law • Ideology

8. Determinants of Muslim Society • Invaders • Settlers /Refugees • Sufis /Ulemas/Intellectuals • Reformists Movement • Service Gentry

9. Evolution of Muslim Society • Earlier period (Prior to 712) • Pre-Muslim Civilizations • Early Links by • Traders • 712 to 1526 • Invaders • Sufias/Ulema • Role of Service Gentry • Refuges and Settlers

10. Some Theories of Spread of Islam • Muslims are descendants of migrants from the Iranian plateau or Arabia (Settlers and Refuges) • Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, • Conversionwas a result of the actions of Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heart • Conversion was due to Invadors

11. Cont…. • Conversion came from Buddhists and the masses conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste system • As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant Muslim civilization and global polity at large

12. Evolution(Earlier Period) • Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent from ancient times in Malabar region, which linked them with Arab peninsula • In Malabar, the Moppilasmay have been the first community to convert to Islam as they were closely connected with the Arabs than others with the ports of South East Asia

13. Cont… • Invasion of Muhammad bin Qasim,Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate • Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed Muslims to India • Many Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early as the Eighth century during the reign of the second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [754–775]

14. Three Political Centers of Muslims • The first was the rich Mali Kingdom in Africa, which attained its zenith under Mansa Musa (d. 1332) • The second was the Mamluke Empire embracing Egypt and Syria • The third, and by far the most powerful, was the Sultanate of Delhi

15. Cont… • The Slave Dynasty • The Khiljis (1296-1316) • conquered all of India and Pakistan, from Peshawar to Malabar, an area covering more than a million and half square miles • The Tughlaqs (1316-1451) • Muhammad bin Tughlaq (d. 1351), primarily because we know a great deal about his court through the writings of IbnBatuta • So rich was the Delhi Sultanate that IbnBatuta, 1335-1341, records that whenever the Emperor passed through the streets of Delhi, the courtiers following him threw coins of gold and silver in the streets for the amah (common folk) use to pick • It was in this magnificent Delhi court that the final resolution of the tug-of-war between the Sufis, the anti-Sufis, the philosophers, the doctors of law and the ruling elite took place

16. Invaders • South- Arabs 712 • North-Ghouriz 1196-1206 • West -Afghanis 998 to 1120

17. Iran / Mongolia: Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) with his wife Kokachin at court, 13th century By the middle of the 14th century, trade routes between Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and China, which had been cut by the Mongol invasions, had been restored With the conversion of Ghazan the Great (1295), Persia was back in the fold of Islam This removed the barrier to travel by land from India to West Asia and from there to Africa and Spain. A flexible Islam welded together a world order wherein people and ideas traveled freely from one continent to another

18. Settlers/ Refugees • Mangools,Qureshis,Drawadian,Arayan • The Mongol devastations resulted in a substantial migration of men of learning from Central Asia and Persia into India • The influx of the Sufis provided the spiritual momentum for the spread of Islam in India and present Pakistan, The migration was not confined to dervishes and Sufis • A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan • Others migrated further east to the Indonesian islands

19. Reformist Movements • Islmists • MujaddidAlafSani • HazratBaqiBillah • Assimilation • BhagatKabir 1398-1518 • Guru Nanak 1469-1539

20. Role of Service Gentry • In Slave Dynasty • Chihalganiwas the group of most important and powerful forty nobles or highly placed officers in the court of Iltutmish • Iltutmishhad organized them as his personal supporters • Modern Kitchen Cabinet • Influencing the establishment of Military and Administration and Annexation of areas

21. Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757 • Period of Growth 1526-1757 • Chughtai Turks • Reformist Movements • Role of Service Gentry • Settlers

22. Invaders • North_West-Chughtai Turks 1526 • West –Afghan/Patthan 1739 and 1721 A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan after Babur and Hamuyn’s return, Many Settlers came with Babur too Reformist Movements • MujadaidAlafSani • Shah WaliUllah Settlers

23. Education • Ders-e-Nizami • FarangiMahalLakhnow, MullaNizam-o-Din • Ideology of Life • Dunya as Maya to Balance of lives • Language • Persion,Urdu,Lashkari • Intellectual Development • Sheikh Mubarak, Faizi,abu Al-Fazal, Shah WaliUllah

24. Earlier Social System • India, whose social structure was fossilized by the caste system, was ready to accept a universal religion like Islam • The most important reason for the success of the Sufis lay in the spiritual bent of the Indian mind by humanity, and dignity of man • Every culture produces an ARCHETYPE that personifies the ethos of that culture. Islam introduced the concept of Equality

25. Work of Sufis • The Sufis were eminently successful not just because of Zikr, and carity, but because they established effective institutions to do their work in their own lifetime and to continue it after they departed • Purification by Qawwalli and ArifanaKalam, Chanting Slogans

26. Cont… • The first Moghul emperor Babur was himself a Sufi mystic. Emperor Akbar was a murid of ShaykhSalimChishti (FatehpurSikri, d. 1572) • He made annual pilgrimages on foot to the tomb of ShaykhSalim as well as to the tomb of KhwajaMoeenuddin of Ajmer. • Since the methods and processes of the Sufis have changed little over the last thousand years, the Chishtiya order, together with its sister Qadariya and Suhrwardi orders, provide a cultural link between modern Islam with the Middle Ages.

27. Famous Sufis • BahudinZakria 1182-1262 • Moin-ud-DeenChisti 1142 -1236

30. Orders • Shadhilyya was founded by Imam Nooruddeen Abu Al Hasan Ali Ash SadhiliRazi. It was brought to India by Sheikh AboobakkarMiskeen sahib Radiyallah of Kayalpatnam and Sheikh Mir Ahmad Ibrahim Raziyallah of Madurai. Mir Ahmad Ibrahim became the first of the three Sufi saints revered at the Madurai Maqbara in Tamil Nadu. There are more than 70 branches of Shadhiliyya and in India

31. Chistia • The first of the Chishti saints was Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 329 /AD 940–41), Abu Ishaq Shami established the Chishti order in Chisht • During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, who spread the Delhi Sultanate southward, the Chistiyyah order spread its roots all across India • During the Mongol invasion in AD 1220 and Safavid attack in 1509 many Chishti Sufis migrated to Uch, Ajodhan, Bhakkar and Sehwan in Sindh • The Khanzada subdivision of the Rajput clan was converted to Islam by Chishti Sufis

32. Cont… • The first of the Suhrawardi saints was Abu al-NajibSuhrawardi (490–563 AH). • The Suhrawardiyyah order achieved popularity in Bengal • The Qadiri order was founded by Abdul-QadirGilani, whose tomb is in Baghdad. It is popular among the Muslims of South India, Kernatka and Kerala

33. Cont… • Qadria_The origin of this order can be traced back to KhwajaYa‘qub Yusuf al-Hamadani (b. AD 1140 • It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its founder was their ancestral pīr, or spiritual guide. "The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave considerable force to the Naqshbandiyya order), who lived in Central Asia

34. New Class Identity in Muslim society • Turk Elites Governance • Ulema Court, Judicial System • Sufis Religion • Sadats Khan/Maik/Ameens/Bureaucracy • Community Based on Profession

35. Role of Service Gentry • Muslims Elites/Nobels • Establishing the Modern trends • Used to control the masses and Influence the King • Sheikh Mubarak • Abu Alfazal • Sheikh Faizi

36. Cultural Context Spread of Islam • Case one By Invaders • If accepted by Elites • Society became Islamic, • Islam Spread Fast • Local culture was absorbed • Example Iran and Africa • If accepted by Common Masses • Society did not became Islamic, • Islam Spread Slow • Local culture was not absorbed • Example Subcontinent

37. Cont… • Case two By Sufis • If accepted by Elites • Society became Islamic, • Islam Spread Fast • Local culture was absorbed • Example Iran and Africa • If accepted by Elites • Assimilation of Society , • Islam Spread Slow • Local culture was not absorbed • Example Subcontinent

38. Appraisal • Evolution of Muslim Society • Early Links Traders • Introduction Invaders • Spread and Social Fabric Sufis/Ulemas • PreliminaryFabric Altutmash • Early ConsolidationBalban • Initial Economic Stability Khilgis

39. Growth of Muslim Society • Annexation and Federation Babur-The Lion Heart • Development of Infrastructure Sher Shah Suri • Revenue System Sher Shah and Akber • Art, Music, Architecture Jahangir and Shahjahan • Education and Ideology Aurangzeb • Islamic Identity Aurangzeb • Cultural Growth Early Mughls • Art and Literature Late Mughals

40. Concluding Remarks - an Empirical Frame Work of Muslim Society • Ethnic Response • Raja Dahir, Khushal khan Khatak, • Muslim Identity • Sufia, MujadadAlafsani, Alamgir • Assimilation or Synthesis • BagatKabir, Guru Nanak, Akber

41. Evolution of Muslim Society • Pattern of Evolution • Introduction by Traders/Invaders • Spread by Sufis • Early Identity as Muslim • Cultural Identity • Art and Architecture • Struggle for strong Military • Establishment of Administrative/GovtSystem • Consolidation of Masses • Synthesis by,BagatKabeer and Gru Nanak Governing Principles • Strike on cast system and Equality • Piety and Humanitarianism by Sufis • Tolerance • Freedom of Worship

42. Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757 • Pattern of Growth • Building Institutions (Revenue System and Administration) • Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.) • Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism) • Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri) • Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir) • Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya) • Strong Military and Political System • Social Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi) • Reformist Movements (AlafSani and BaqiBillah, Shah WaliUllah) • Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir) • Appointment of Qazi to administor Muslim Law • Creation of Large Educated Muslim Class • Muslim Culture

43. Factors contributing in Growth of Muslim Society • Strong Military • Economic Strength • Social Harmony • Popularity of Monotheism • Strong Court System • Patronage of Art and Culture • Music,Poetry,Language,Dress,Festivals,Culinary Department,Painting and Miniatures, Ventilated House, Treat/Party

44. Impacts • Islam Introduced in this land • Sultanatwas one of the three power centers of Muslim Rule • Introduction of Public Policy • Economic Prosperity and growth • Establishment of Early State and Central Govt • New Education System • Introduction of system of Administration and Revenue

45. Cont… • Isolation of India was broken • Rise of Regional Languages (560) • Social Democracy • Hospices/Khangah as unit of Development • Arrival of man of learning • New Language-Lasraki • Fusion of three great Cultures/Civilizations • Impacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, AryaSamaj, BrhamoSamaj

46. Patterns of Evolution and Growth

47. Fall of Muslim Society 1757 to 1857 • It is an irony of Islamic history that those who should have been the most liberal in their tolerance of dissident thought, namely the philosophers, turned out to be the most intolerant • Weak Military • Foreign Invasion