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Rise of Europe

Absolutism Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine right EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal (Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene). Global Trade Truly global – Americas Columbian Exchange Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans Atlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism. Rise of Europe

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Rise of Europe

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  1. AbsolutismCentralized government, bureaucracy, divine rightEX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal (Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene) Global Trade Truly global – AmericasColumbian ExchangeIndian, Atlantic, Pacific OceansAtlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism Rise of Europe Portugal and Spain led the wayNorthern Europe looks outwardSearch for new trade routes Gold, God, Glory Colonization of Latin AmericaProtestant Reformation/Counter Reformation Cultural and Intellectual DevelopmentsRenaissanceScientific RevolutionEnlightenmentHumanismExplorationNeo-ConfucianismSailing technologyPrinting pressGunpowder developmentsMining The Big Picture 1450-1750 Coercive Labor Slavery Serfdom Mita System Consumerism Sugar, Silver, Slaves

  2. Chinese Timeline 1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD) 2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC) 3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC) 4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD) 5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC) 6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC) 7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD) 8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD) 9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD) Do Now:Create a timeline on your handout of major events in Chinese history

  3. Recovery and Repair The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future! Zhu Yuanzhang • Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order • Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam • Erased all signs of Mongol rule • Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power! Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?

  4. Major Events in Chinese History Timeline 1368 Ming Dynasty Restores Chinese Rule 221 BC Qin Dynasty adopts Legalism 907 Song Dynasty Golden Age 1766 BC Shang Dynasty established 220 AD Han Dynasty collapses 0 618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China 1122 BC Feudalism under Zhou 206 BC Han Dynasty Adopts Confucianism 1271 Mongols Establish Yuan Dynasty

  5. Ming Dynasty China 1368-1644 Period 4: 1450-1750 • Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order • Recovery and Repair • Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to continue power of the dynasty • Rebuilding of a Dynasty • Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and tribute for Ming China • Reconnaissance for an Empire • Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road • Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City • Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants • Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries Major Changes • Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven, collection of tribute • Threats from nomads in the north • Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism) • Merchants having low status – land ownership = status • Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain, tea, sugar, etc) Continuities

  6. Ming Dynasty China 1368-1644 Period 4: 1450-1750 • Recovery and Repair • Rebuilding of a Dynasty • Reconnaissance for an Empire The Reemergence of an Empire

  7. End of the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan • Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s • Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java. • Kublai Khan’s successors were weak. • Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor, piracy and crime increased. • Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule. China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.

  8. Recovery and Repair Rediscovered their Identity! • Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism • Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials • Block printing led to wider production of printed materials – Novels • Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs. Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society.

  9. Recovery and Repair • Focus on agricultural foundation – Recovery of Population • Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees – Repaired Infrastructure • Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data • Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou • Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain • Traded for silver with Europe and Japan • Stressed internal trade Economic Recovery Recovered sense of stability!

  10. Rebuilding of Dynasty Emperor Yongle Protection of the Dynasty • Rebuilt & added to Great Wall • Repaired the Grand Canal • Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript

  11. Rebuilding of Dynasty • Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as the Forbidden City • Government regulation of trade – production of porcelain

  12. Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire • 1405 - Emperor Yongle commissioned the building of an enormous fleet for aggressive maritime expeditions. • Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch • Explore trade opportunitiesin “Western Ocean” • Diplomacy • Opened relations with 200 new societies • Demonstrate strength, Power, Tribute System: • Collect tribute, gifts • Rituals of submission Purpose Admiral Zheng He

  13. Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet

  14. Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.

  15. Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire Tap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols .Calicut Strait of Malacca

  16. End the Treasure Fleet Voyages? Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure Fleet was a major turning point in history! • Politics – Arguments for ending voyages A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________ project Eunuch B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire civilization. Costly C. Trips were extremely ____________________. Self-Sufficient D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________ and there was no need for exploration. E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine authority – creates problems, not opportunity. F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the northern border from _________ invasions. Mongol

  17. End the Treasure Fleet Voyages? II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________ was primary form of wealth land • Farming was more noble than trading. 1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________ 2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors overseas 3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work – parasites Family Shrine C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors Missionary D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________ impulse of Christianity or Islam.

  18. Role of Women – did not want women in market place 1. Strict role for women as homemakers 2. Practiced ______________ on elite women Footbinding

  19. Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing 1644-1911 Period 4: 1450-1750 After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of Zheng He’s travels were destroyed! The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship voyages mainly due to their Confucian ideals. However, despite the short term financial and military benefits, China’s absence in world trade would allow Western Europe to dominate the region in the long term.

  20. Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing 1644-1911 Period 4: 1450-1750 After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of Zheng He’s travels were destroyed! Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages? • Beginning of Ming Isolation • Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel • Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times • Sought to preserve Chinese traditions • Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants

  21. Defense efforts costly, Led to high taxes Rise of the Qing Weak Rulers led to increased corruption 1644-1911 Famines, hardships led to Peasant Revolts Qing hired Manchu warriors to put down peasant revolts By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!

  22. Dorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing) Document Interpretation “We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of your dynasty we took revenge upon the enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our bridges behind us, and we have pledged not to return until every bandit is destroyed. In the counties, districts, and locales that we pass through, all those who are able to shave their heads and surrender, opening their gates to welcome us, will be given rank and reward, retaining their wealth and honor for generations. But if there are those who disobediently resist us when our great armies arrive, then the stones themselves will be set ablaze and all will be massacred”. How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document support your findings? 1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.

  23. The Qing Dynasty Qing Government As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced years of resistance from Chinese subjects still loyal to the Ming! • Continued civil service exams and were generous patrons to the arts • Lowered taxes and state labor demands. • Repaired infrastructure – roads, bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works • Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies similar to Ming • Continued Confucian rituals and allowed Ming officials to keep their positions

  24. A Chinese Empire? • Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders • Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) that marked Chinese-Russian border • Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and Manchuria • Controlled Korea and Vietnam as Vassal tributary states.

  25. The Qing Dynasty “Lose your hair, or lose your head!” • Qing Society • Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese • Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission • Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was common

  26. Created encyclopedia and a dictionary of history and thought • Wanted to be benevolent Confucian ruler – lowered taxes, expanded empire • Tolerant of Christians and interested in foreign ideas and technology The Reign of Emperor Kangxi 1661-1722 • Strong and effective 61 year reign kept tensions low • Kangxi was a significant Confucian scholar • Patronized arts, opened Confucian schools and a national library Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu, and King Louis XIV

  27. Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline Port city of Macao 1724 – Emperor banned Christianity when the Pope condemned Confucianism • By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population • Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants, compradors, became wealthy and influential • Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms

  28. The Qing Dynasty Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s • Brought Stability to China – peace and prosperity • Expanded borders and dominated region • Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age • Continued policy of isolation and strict economic regulation

  29. What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era?• • Built vast territorial size and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom. • driven largely by security concerns • Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China. • Made active use of local notables. • Did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region.

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