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This paper explores key figures of the Transcendentalist movement in mid-19th century America, showcasing the pivotal contributions of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman. It highlights Emerson's essays that shaped American identity, Fuller's feminist perspectives in a patriarchal society, Thoreau's philosophical reflections in "Walden," and Whitman's revolutionary free verse in "Leaves of Grass." These writers collectively challenged societal norms and inspired future generations to think critically about individuality, nature, and social justice.
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1865 & TRANSCENDENTALISM English & U.S. History Paper 11th Grade 2011
RALPH WALDO EMERSONTHE SELECTED WRITINGS • “An American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.” • Historical Connections: American identity
MARGARET FULLERWOMAN IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY • “Presents an indictment of the role and treatment of women in the nineteenth century, written by a woman who is often referred to as America's first true feminist.” • Historical Connections: Early feminism
HENRY DAVID THOREAUWALDEN & CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE • “An American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.” • Historical Connections: American identity
WALT WHITMANLEAVES OF GRASS • “An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition • between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.” • Historical Connections: Romantic ideals