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Marine Invertebrates

Marine Invertebrates. Marine Invertebrates. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra (backbone) 97% of all animal species on earth. Deuterostomes (mouth second). Protostomes (mouth first). Embryo cell division. Phylogenetics.

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Marine Invertebrates

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  1. Marine Invertebrates

  2. Marine Invertebrates • Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) • Kingdom Animalia (animals) • No vertebra (backbone) • 97% of all animal species on earth

  3. Deuterostomes (mouth second) Protostomes (mouth first) Embryo cell division Phylogenetics simple ---------------------------- complex

  4. Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

  5. Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones

  6. Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding

  7. Sponges • Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) • Structurally simple • No true tissues or organs • Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells • Most distinguishing – collar cell (filter feeding) • Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin (protein mesh) internal skeleton • No symmetry (asymmetry)

  8. Sponges spongin • Active suspension feeders (filter feeders) • Benthic http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/03180007.jpg

  9. Sponges • Can reaggregate, regenerate

  10. Sponges • Reproduction: • Asexual • Break, regenerate • Sexual • Broadcast sperm • Internal fertilization • Planktonic larvae http://www.sars.no/images/adamska_Research_Figure3.jpg http://www.oceanicresearch.org/jpegs/spawning_sponge.jpg

  11. Sponges • Phylum Porifera – 3 classes: • Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules) • Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules, glass sponges) • Class Demospongiae (spongin, maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all sponges)

  12. Sponges – Different Shapes Flat, encrusting Finger, rope Tube, vase, barrel Ball http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/OPG/bahiahonda/photos/BAH-loggerhead-sponge.jpg http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/benthic/bc37a.jpg

  13. Sponges – More Variety “fire”→ ←calcareous http://phage.sdsu.edu/imagery/gallery/images/full/opantos_205643651075.jpg http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/oee/vcd/photos/xmarine.html http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/gallery/livingocean/livingocean.html http://www.aquaticvideo.com/reef_creatures_web/images/

  14. Glass Sponges • Silicon spicules • Deep-sea, cold http://www.science.widener.edu/~schultz/canon_10d/glass_sponge3.jpg http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/

  15. Long Island Sponges ← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera) Finger sponge (Haliclona oculata) Tufted vase sponge (Scypha ciliata) ← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.) http://www.mbl.edu/marine_org/images/animals/images/microciona.2.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock8l.jpg http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-wale-cliona-celata-beta-wl.JPG http://www.seamasters.be/images/bio/Peter/zakspons(vanBragt).jpg

  16. Cnidarians • Phylum Cnidaria • Stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and feeding • Radial symmetry • True tissues, but no organs • Planktonic (medusa) or benthic (polyp) – some alternate

  17. Cnidarians • Body orientation: • Medusa – • tentacles down • Polyp – • tentacles up • Radial symmetry: • body with gut • central mouth • circle of tentacles

  18. Cnidarians • Tissue layers: • Epidermis (outer) • Gastrodermis (inner, digestive) • Mesoglea (middle, jelly) • No organs

  19. Cnidarians http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent/images/nematocyst.gif

  20. Cnidarians • Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes: • Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral” • Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish • Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish • Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals

  21. Hydroids Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.) Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→ http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/pink_hearted_hydroids.jpg http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2550/img029.jpg http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/cnidaria/hydech.jpg

  22. Siphonophores http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.html http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent5/blowups/b_bargmannia_sp.jpg

  23. NOAA Hydrozoan Jellyfish Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.) http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40108000/jpg/_40108958_velella203.jpg http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1097/images/p_penici.jpg

  24. Cubozoan Jellyfish http://www.australianfauna.com/images/irukandjijellyfish.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/images/Carybdea_sivickisi_Guam.jpg

  25. NOAA Scyphozoan Jellyfish Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata) Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.) Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita) http://www.njscuba.net/etc/cozumel/images/03220047.jpg http://www.flickr.com/photos/hershman/253773774/ http://www.itchyfeet.org/roatan/upsidedown.jpg

  26. Anemones Frilled anemone (Metridium senile) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock7l.jpg http://www.sherrysknowledgequest.com/Percula2a.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/69/186245645_0bcd7af4ab.jpg?v=0 http://home.comcast.net/~milazinkova/Fogshadow.html

  27. Soft Hexacorals http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/ http://oc-creative.com/7gal/SteveBOXzoos5.jpg

  28. Tropical Reef-Building Corals http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/ NOAA NOAA

  29. Temperate & Deep Reef Corals (Acropora pruinosa – Japan) (Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC) (Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep) (Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI) http://whelk.aims.gov.au/coralsearch/html/401-500/Species%20pages/468.htm http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/05/coral.jpg http://www.lophelia.org/images/jpeg/43570008_cropped.jpg http://www.southernct.edu/includes/images.php?src=news_images&imgid=656

  30. Octocorals http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Coral/images/20050303-113902.JPG

  31. Cnidarian Reproduction • Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans) • Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes) • All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula) http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/images/figures/Figure_4.gif http://people.uncw.edu/szmanta/crbio_slides/crebioslides.html http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab03/Aurelia-planula+SEM.gif

  32. Comb Jellies • Phylum Ctenophora • Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect • Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on 2 tentacles http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/260181162_b466c4c8b9.jpg?v=0

  33. Comb Jellies • Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral) • True tissues, but not true organs • All marine, almost all planktonic • Important predators of copepods and larval organisms • Large numbers around Long Island Mnemiopsis leidyi

  34. NOAA NOAA Comb Jellies http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/plankton/Velamen.jpg http://www.coml.org/medres/img/figure_18full.jpg http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/animals/radiata/ctenophora/beroe4.jpg

  35. Deuterostomes (mouth second) Protostomes (mouth first) Embryo cell division Phylogenetics simple ---------------------------- complex

  36. Worms, Worms, and More Worms • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) • Ribbon worms (Nemertea) • Roundworms (Nematoda) • Peanut worms (Sipuncula) • Echiuran worms (Echiura) • Segmented worms (Annelida)

  37. Flatworms • Phylum Platyhelminthes • Simplest phylum with true organs, organ systems, bilateral symmetry • Central nervous system (brain) • No respiratory system (diffusion) • Incomplete digestive tract (food, waste through same opening)

  38. Flatworms • Turbellarians – free-living, colorful, mostly benthic http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4a/Class_Turbellaria_1/Lab_4a-01a.jpg

  39. Flatworms • Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20031208/87d4bff74e41427cb278526bd9cbe76a/5260_lores.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/320px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png

  40. Segmented Worms • Phylum Annelida • Segmented body • Circulatory system (some gills) • Mostly benthic • Most marine species are polychaetes (bristle worms) • Others: • Oligochaetes (earthworms) • Leeches

  41. Segmented Worms • Parapodia – appendages for locomotion • Setae – bristles http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg7.htm

  42. Segmented Worms Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms” http://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg/800px-Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg

  43. Segmented Worms http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition6/daily/ss020602/6.jpg http://storesense2.megawebservers.com/stores/h/HS2651/catalog/christmas-tree-worm.jpg

  44. Segmented Worms • Hydrothermal vent, cold seep tube worms • Formerly Phylum Pogonophora • No mouth, gut, or digestive system • Absorb nutrients directly from water or from internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria

  45. Segmented Worms http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpg

  46. Segmented Worms Osedax mucofloris, bone (“zombie”) worm http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/whalefall.html

  47. Segmented Worms • Leeches not as common in the ocean as freshwater http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/images/parasites5.gif http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/weisblat/media/AEBPARlifz1.jpg

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