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Obesity. India S. Sharp, BSN, RN November 02, 2013. Objectives. Provide knowledge of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, symptoms, & non-pharmacological treatments. Obesity. Obesity is a label for ranges of weight that are greater than what is considered healthy for a given height .
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Obesity India S.Sharp, BSN, RN November 02, 2013
Objectives • Provide knowledge of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, symptoms, & non-pharmacological treatments
Obesity • Obesity is a label for ranges of weight that are greater than what is considered healthy for a given height. • Obesity is having an excessive amount of body fat. It increases risk of disease and health problems such as Type 2 Diabetes, Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, stroke, gallbladder disease, cancer, osteoarthritis, and hyperlipidemia. Weight loss can reduce these risks by 10%. • Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease needing management in other disease such as diabetes and hypertension with physical, psychological, and social consequences. • Abdominal obesity, rather than body fat, can be a useful indicator of cardiovascular and cancer related outcomes. Measuring abdominal obesity includes waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio.
Epidemiology • More than one-third (35.7%) of the adults in the United States are obese in 2009-2010. • Obesity effects all groups in society, irrespective of age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational level, and geographic group. • Adults over the age of 60 were more likely to be obese than younger adults.
Pathophysiology Hypertophic versus Hypercellular obesity • Hypertrophic obesity usually starts in adulthood and responds to weight reduction measures. • Hypercellulary obesity typically occurs in persons who develop obesity in childhood or adolescence. Hypercellular obesity may find it difficult to lose weight without surgical intervention.
Etiology • Obesity is the imbalance between energy intake (Eating too much) and energy output (not exercising or too little).
Predisposing Factors Predisposing Factors • Metabolic factors (Leptin levels) • Genetic factors (Family history of obesity) • Level of activity (Lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle, Television (TV), computer, and hand-held game use more than 3 hours/day, and increase leisure time) • Endocrine factors • Race, sex, and age factors • Ethnic and cultural factors (Ethic background: African American, Hispanic) • Socioeconomic status • Smoking Cessation • Pregnancy and menopause • Psychological factors • History of gestational diabetes • Lactation history in mothers • Dietary habits (consuming too many calories/high fat diet, Poor dietary choices, and/or Readily available food sources, especially fast foods)
Common Complaints/Signs and Symptoms Common Complaints/Signs and Symptoms • Difficulty performing routine daily activities, including hygiene. • Inability or lack of interest in exercising • Shortness of breath and/or asthma exacerbation • Incontinence • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) • Infertility/polycystic ovarian syndrome • Symptoms of cholelithiasis (heartburn, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headaches, light or chalky colored stool, and dark urine) • Hypertension
Treatment Non-Medical • Diet changes • Low calorie • Increase fruits and vegetables • Eliminate alcohol and sugar-containing beverages • Reduce intake of sweets and sugars • Reduce fat intake • Reduce portion sizes • Increase water intake • Exercise (Increase activity as tolerated) • Encourage getting up for 10 minutes each hour • Start off with just walking as tolerated
Specialist • Dietitian • Psychologist consultation
