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Earth’s energy - atmosphere system

Earth’s energy - atmosphere system. Earth’s energy inputs. Solar 174,000 terrawatts. Geothermal 23 terrawatts. Tidal 3 terrawatts. Outline. Radiation basics Interactions of radiation with the atmosphere Net radiation Heat fluxes Energy budget. 1. Radiation basics.

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Earth’s energy - atmosphere system

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  1. Earth’s energy - atmosphere system

  2. Earth’s energy inputs Solar 174,000 terrawatts Geothermal 23 terrawatts Tidal 3 terrawatts

  3. Outline • Radiation basics • Interactions of radiation with the atmosphere • Net radiation • Heat fluxes • Energy budget

  4. 1. Radiation basics

  5. Radiation basics

  6. Radiation basics Electromagnetic radiation • Described by: • Energy emitted (I) – W/m2 • Wavelength (l) - mm

  7. Radiation laws Stefan-Boltzman law: Amount of radiation emitted by an object is proportional to temperature of the object I = s T4 Where s = Stefan Boltzman constant T = temperature (Kelvin)

  8. Radiation laws Wien’s law: Wavelength of radiation emitted by an object is inversely proportional to temperature of the object l = c / T Where c = constant (2897) T = temperature (Kelvin)

  9. Radiation basics Solar radiation = shortwave Terrestrial radiation = longwave

  10. Radiation basics Radiation pathways

  11. Radiation basics The role of surface reflectance

  12. Radiation basics The role of clouds

  13. 2. Interactions of radiation with the atmosphere

  14. Structure of the atmosphere Ionosphere Ozonesphere

  15. Structure of the atmosphere Ionosphere Ozonesphere

  16. Structure of the atmosphere See text, page 55, figure 2.4

  17. Net radiation at earth’s surface

  18. Rn = SW - SW - LW + LW Net radiation The sum of all incoming and outgoing radiation at earth’s surface, represented by shortwave and longwave radiation SW = shortwave (solar radiation) LW = longwave (terrestrial radiation)

  19. 4. Global heat fluxes

  20. Heat fluxes Represents expenditures of net radiation at the earth’s surface Sensible heat – energy absorbed in the warming of surfaces Latent heat – energy absorbed to evaporate water Ground heat – energy absorbed into the ground surface Metabolism – energy required to drive metabolic processes (photosynthesis)

  21. 5. Energy Budget

  22. Energy budget Radiation inputs and heat fluxes must balance

  23. Summary • All objects emit electromagnetic radiation • Energy directly proportional to temperature • Wavelength inversely proportional to temperature • Various interactions with electromagnetic radiation occur in atmosphere • Ionosphere filters out harmful xrays, gamma rays • Ozonosphere (stratosphere) filters out ultraviolet rays • Water vapor and carbon dioxide in troposphere absorb longwave radiation

  24. Summary (continued) • Net radiation - Represents the sum of radiation inputs and losses from solar and terrestrial sources • Heat fluxes - Includes sensible heat, latent heat, ground heat and metabolic fluxes • Energy budget - general framework dictating that net radiation and heat fluxes must balance

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