1 / 90

Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Motor Control Theories. Information flow and action control. Feedback guided control or closed-loop control. Information flow and action control. Planned control or open-loop control . Identify the flow of information controlling the action. The give and take of information flow.

gamada
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 5

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5 Motor Control Theories

  2. Information flow and action control • Feedback guided control or closed-loop control

  3. Information flow and action control • Planned control or open-loop control

  4. Identify the flow of information controlling the action

  5. The give and take of information flow • Is one type of control better than the other? • Is one type of control better for discrete, serial, or continuous skills? • Is one type of control better for an open or closed environment or skill? • What is an advantage of closed-loop control? • What is an advantage of open-loop control?

  6. Why are theories important? • Theories provide a framework for understanding phenomena • Theories provide a framework for understanding outcomes • Theories provide a framework for developing applications

  7. Theories of Action or Motor Control • At the most general level: What do motor control/learning theories need to explain? • Coordination • Degrees of freedom and DF problem • Constraints

  8. Theories of Action or Motor Control • At the specific level of events or actions: how have motor control/learning theories attempted to explain things? • Coordination: What are the controlled variables? • How is the action controlled? • How are DF organized or constrained to reduce the problem of control and/or coordination?

  9. Motor program theories • Central representation • Selection rules • How is a program assembled?

  10. Schmidt’s Schema theory: GMP • Generalized motor program (GMP) • What type of actions was the theory designed to explain?

  11. Schmidt’s Schema Theory:MRS • Motor response schema (MRS) • Examples of GMPs and parameters

  12. Throwing

  13. Writing your name • Serial action

  14. Writing your name • What DF can be used to write your name?

  15. Locomotion: stride analysis Stance Swing

  16. 1500 60 50 1200 Step cycle duration (ms) 40 Percent of step cycle 30 900 20 walking running 600 10 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Speed of locomotion (km/hr) walking running 0 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Speed of locomotion (km/hr) Rhythmic actions and GMPs

  17. Dynamic pattern theory: Key concepts • Self-organization • Attractor • Order parameter • Coordinative structure

  18. Behavior without a detailed program

  19. Behavior without a detailed program

  20. o 0 o 1 8 0 A B D A B D L e f t L e f t F i n g e r F i n g e r A D D A D D A B D A B D R i g h t R i g h t F i n g e r F i n g e r A D D A D D Dynamic patterns: self-organization in human motor skills

  21. Keeping time

  22. Right finger Left finger Dynamic patterns: phase transition between behavioral patterns A B D A D D 1.5 Hz 1.75 Hz 2.0 Hz 2.5 Hz Ab RH Ad transition Ab LH Ad Ab LH Ad

  23. 1 8 0 6 0 1 6 0 ) ) g g 5 0 1 4 0 e e d d ( ( e D 1 2 0 s S 4 0 a h e s P 1 0 0 a e h v 3 0 P i 8 0 t a e l v e i t R 6 0 a 2 0 l n e a R e 4 0 M 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 5 D r i v i n g f r e q u e n c y ( H z ) Dynamic patterns: compare in-phase and anti-phase

  24. Left-H. Right-H. Bimanual coordination: from cortex to limbs • Is there a transition in the brain? • Where does the instability (loss of stability) come from?

  25. 1 . 5 H z 1 . 7 5 H z 2 . 0 H z 2 . 2 5 H z A B D A D D P o s i t i o n o f R i g h t i n d e x f i n g e r P o s i t i o n o f L e f t i n d e x f i n g e r 5 0 0 m s Neural crosstalk: from muscle to limbs

  26. Interpersonal coordination skills • Schmidt et al. (1990)

  27. 180 45 Standard deviation (VE) Mean relative phase 150 35 25 90 15 30 5 Increasing speed Tr Increasing speed Increasing speed Tr Increasing speed Interpersonal dynamics • What happened when movement frequency was increased?

  28. Perceptual threshold • Smooth pursuit eye movements

  29. More emergent phenomenon: walking and objects • Perception-action coupling

  30. Chapter 6 Touch, Proprioception and Vision

  31. Perception-action • All actions require a transfer of perceptual information into motor commands • Closed-loop control • Open-loop control

  32. Tactile sensations • Mechanoreceptors • Role in action control (closer look pg. 111)

  33. Proprioception: limb and body position and movement • Muscle spindles • Golgi-tendon organs (GTO) • Joint receptors

  34. Deafferentation: • Surgical • Temporary • Neuropathy • Tendon vibration

  35. Error (cm) Sensory neuropathy: loss of proprioception • Blouin et al. (1993) • Independent variables • Dependent variable

  36. Sensory neuropathy: loss of tactile and proprioception • Bimanual coordination (Spencer et al. 2005) • Draw two circles

  37. X-displacement Sensory neuropathy: loss of proprioception • Patients Vision of:

  38. Tendon Vibration: Pinocchio Illusion(Lackner 1988)

  39. Rubber hand Illusion • See papers by • M. Botvinick and J. Cohen (1998) • Ehrsson et al. (2004) Figure 3.49

  40. Vestibular system: head and body position and movement • semi-circular canals • otolith organs • balance

  41. Vestibular and visual systems: feedback control and balance • Task: Maintain balance on a moving support surface - 12 cm • Kinematics: video cameras • Platform speed (Hz): • Feedback conditions

  42. forward backward Eyes open: Frequency 0.1 Hz anterior 10 A/P Disp (cm) 0 posterior 10 secs -10 time trunk platform forward backward 10 A/P Disp. (cm) 0 -10 Vestibular loss: postural responses • Buchanan and Horak (1999); Buchanan and Horak (2002)

  43. anterior 10 secs 2 secs posterior trunk platform Platform speed: postural responses • Postural behavior

  44. Questions: • 1) How did the loss of vestibular information influence balance and posture? • 2) How did platform velocity affect balance and posture? • 3) What did visual information contribute to balance control?

  45. Vision and motor control • Central vision • Peripheral vision • Visual field

  46. Visual Fields: aligning vision (in) and motor (out)

  47. Vision and motor control • Vision-for-action (dorsal stream) • Vision-for-perception (ventral stream) • Two distinct neural pathways

  48. Vision and motor control • Reaching and grasping • Describe a cup • Reach for a cup

  49. Vision and motor control • Optical field • Optical flow

  50. Contact with objects:stationary and non-stationary • Estimate contact • Braking a car • Time to contact with an object (tau) STOP

More Related