EARTH SCIENCE NJ ASK

1. EARTH SCIENCE NJ ASK Concepts and Topics For the NJ ASK Earth Science Portion

2. Astronomy

3. Venus Saturn Mars Neptune Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Pluto My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas.

4. Earth Astronomy • Tilt= • Hemisphere tilted toward the sun has • Area around the equator get most of the direct sunlight • Orbit around sun ( ) is elliptical— One orbit around the Sun takes days. • One rotation= —causes— 23.5 degrees (reason for the ) seasons summer revolution 365.25 24 hours day and night

5. Solstice: Marked by the longest day (summer) or shortest day (winter)Equinox: When the day and night hours are the same

6. Why do we have phases? • The Moon has phases because it orbits Earth, which causes the portion we seeilluminated to change. 

7. Phases of the Moon

9. Oceanography are the daily rise and fall of ocean water level caused by the moon’s gravitational pull Tides Number of tides that occur each day: Spring— Neap- Total of 4: 2 high and 2 low tides occur daily Occur during the new moon and full moon phase, when the sun, moon and Earth are aligned and the Sun and moon’s gravity combine to form higher high tides and lower low tides. Occur during the first and third quarter moon phase, when the sun, moon and Earth are at a right angle and produce the lowest high tides and highest low tides.

10. The Moon and the Tides

11. Moon Astronomy • No wind, no water, no atmosphere on moon • 1/6th of the gravity of Earth • Rotation of moon ( ) = Revolution of moon ( )—therefore, we only see one side of the moon • It takes days to get through the 8 phases of the moon • occur when the moon is in Full moon phase the moon passes through Earth’s shadow • occur during the day when a new moon is present. The moon blocks the sun • Moon’s gravitational pull causes 27.3 days 27.3 days 29.5 Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses tides

12. Solar Eclipse

13. Lunar Eclipse

14. Kepler and Planetary Motion Kepler described the motions of planets as ellipses and described the velocity of planets (planets travel faster in their orbits when they are closer to the sun in their orbits)

15. Stars and the H-R Diagram Stars form by the condensation of gas The original mass of a star determines its life cycle..if very massive, then will result in supernova and black hole… H-R diagram shows temperature vs. luminosity (brightness) Main sequence stars are actively fusing hydrogen into helium

16. The Atmosphere • Earth’s atmosphere is: • Greenhouse Effect 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen The phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.

17. Layers of the Atmosphere • Exosphere – furthest – blends into • outer space • Thermosphere – absorbs radiation; high temperatures • Ionosphere – contains ions that are responsible for radio waves and aurora’s (Northern Lights) *combination of mesosphere and thermosphere* • Mesosphere – meteors burn up • Stratosphere – ozone layer • Troposphere - Weather occurs. Temperature decreases as you move away from Earth.

18. Clouds Cirrus—light, thin, feathery (fair weather clouds) Cumulus—puffy white clouds Stratus—low gray clouds

19. Weather Climate Weather vs. Climate Describes the day to day, moment to moment changes in the conditions of the atmosphere Describes the weather pattern for a given location over a period of many years Factors affecting climate: *Latitude—areas around the equator receive more of the sun’s energy *Elevation—how high is an area? *Bodies of water—cold ocean currents cause colder climates *Position relative to mountains

20. Wind Global wind patterns are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth creating convection currents. United States weather is controlled by Prevailing Westerlies and moves from west to east

21. Oceanography • Current systems are created by the Coriolis Effect and Wind. (Click Here for Coriolis Effect Video Clip) • In the Northern Hemisphere, currents turn clockwise and warm water moves toward the poles and cold water moves toward the equator (convection currents)

22. Weather Maps Weather moves from in the US High pressure Low pressure west to east (H)=fair weather (clear/ sunny). Weather and wind circulates clock wise . (L)=bad weather (overcast/ stormy) , circulates counter clockwise . Cold Fronts—cold air invades warm air; rain and thunderstorms Warm Fronts—warm air invades cold air; steady rain Occluded Front- Generally, cold fronts move faster than warm fronts. Sometimes in a storm system the cold front will "catch up" to the warm front. An occluded front forms as the cold air behind the cold front meets the cold air ahead of the warm front. Which ever air mass is the coldest undercuts the other. Air from High pressure always moves to areas of Low pressure

23. Isobars: connect areas with equal air pressureThe distance between the isobars is called the pressure gradient • The closer the isobar lines, the greater the change in air pressure, and the greater/faster the winds speeds.

24. AIR MASS Continental Polar • _______________________ - large bodies of air that share the same characteristics. • Types of air masses (There are 5 in the US – Continental Polar (cP) continental arctic (cA), continental tropical (cT), maritime polar (mP), and maritime tropical (mT) a.________________________ - cold, dry and stable air masses. b.________________________ - cold, dry and stable air masses. c.________________________ - cool , moist and unstable. d.________________________ - warm, moist, usually unstable. e.________________________ - hot, dry, unstable at low levels. Continental Arctic Maritime Polar Maritime Tropical Continental Tropical

25. Plate Tectonics Boundaries, Volcanoes, Earthquakes

26. Plate Tectonics (core, mantle, crust) tectonic plates • The Earth is made up of 3 main layers • On the surface of the Earth are that slowly move around the globe • Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere) • There are 3 types of plate boundaries • Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to the margins of the tectonic plates (divergent, convergent and transform)

27. Divergent Convergent Transform Three types of plate boundary Pangea Video

28. Layers of the Earth • The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Mantle Outer core Inner core Core Mantle Crust Crust

29. Rocks

30. 3 Types of Rock Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks are formed by the deposition of material at Earth’s surface and within bodies of water

31. Rock Cycle

32. The Earth’s surface is constantly changing. Mount St Helens before and after it erupted in 1980.

33. Weathering Erosion • The breaking down of rock into smaller and smaller pieces. • The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves pieces of rock and soil. When rock is weathered (broken into smaller and smaller pieces), these pieces are often carried away by water, wind or ice.

34. Deposition When the water slows down or stops moving When the wind dies down or stops blowing When the glacier melts the rocks that the water, wind or glacier were carrying are dropped or deposited in a new location.

37. The Water Cycle • Can you identify the steps? condensation precipitation evaporation run off

38. The carbon cycle is the series of processes that continuously move carbon among Earth systems. Video about Carbon Cycle Lesson 1-2

40. The Phosphorus Cycle Video on the Phosphorus Cycle Lesson 1-2