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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Hominid Origins in Africa. Major Events in Early Primate Evolution. Miocene Hominoid Distribution, From Fossils Thus Far Discovered. Miocene Fossil Hominoids. African forms (23–14 m.y.a.) Western Kenya Primitive. European forms (16–11 m.y.a.)

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Hominid Origins in Africa

  2. Major Events inEarly Primate Evolution

  3. Miocene Hominoid Distribution, From Fossils Thus Far Discovered

  4. Miocene Fossil Hominoids • African forms (23–14 m.y.a.) • Western Kenya • Primitive. • European forms (16–11 m.y.a.) • France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and Hungary. • Asian forms (16–7 m.y.a.) • Largest and most varied group • Turkey through India/Pakistan and east to southern China.

  5. Miocene Hominoid Fossils • These are hominoids. • Mostly large-bodied hominoids. • Not (certainly) ancestral to any living form. One lineage that appears well established relates to • Sivapithecus from Turkey and Pakistan. • Evidence of definite hominids from the Miocene has not yet been indisputably confirmed.

  6. Key Very Early Fossil Hominid Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

  7. Features of Australopithecus • Bipedal. • Small brains. • Large teeth, & thick enamel on the molars.

  8. Laetoli • Dated at between 3.5 and 3.7 m.y.a. • Fossilized hominid footprints were found in an ancient volcanic bed. • Bipedal locomotion.

  9. Hadar (Afar Triangle) • Dating range- 3.9 to 2.3 m.y.a. • Recovered: • "Lucy" • 13 individuals, including 4 infants (social unit died at the same time). • Some stone tools (2.5 m.y.a., earliest cultural evidence)

  10. Koobi Fora (East Lake Turkana) • Richest assemblage of Plio-Pleistocene hominids in Africa. • Most date to 1.8 m.y.a., others to 3.3 m.y.a. • 150 hominid specimens represent at least 100 individuals.

  11. West Turkana • Two important discoveries: • Almost complete 1.6 m.y.a. Homo erectus adolescent. • “The black skull”, a well-preserved 2.4 million year old skull.

  12. Olduvai Gorge • Louis and Mary Leakey excavations (1930's to early 1980). • Evidence of over 150 species of extinct animals.

  13. Estimated Body Weights and Stature in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids

  14. Groups of Plio-Pleistocene Hominids • 200 individuals from South Africa • Over 300 from East Africa. • Divided into four broad groupings: • Set I Basal Hominids. • Set II Early Primitive Australopithecus. • Set III Later, more derived Australopithecus. • Set IV Early homo.

  15. Set I. Basal Hominid(4.4 m.y.a.) • Aramis- earliest and most primitive remains. • Classified as Ardipithecus ramidus.

  16. Set II. Early Primitive Australopithecus, 4.2-3.0 m.y.a. • Australopithecusafarensis – Laetoli & Hadar hominids • A. afarensis very primitive, criteria for classification as hominid is bipedalism.

  17. Set III. Later, More Derived Australopithecus (2.5-1.0 m.y.a.) • Robust Australopithecines • Larger body size • Small cranial capacities • Very large, broad faces • Massive back teeth and lower jaws • Gracile Australopithecines • Different face dentition

  18. Set IV. Early Homo (2.4-1.8 m.y.a.) • The earliest appearance of our genus, Homo may be as ancient as the robust Australopithecines. • Leakey named these specimens Homo habilis ("handy man") • H. habilis differs from Australopithecus in cranial cavity and dental proportions.

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