1 / 9

THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH

earth science ch. 15. THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH WEATHER: CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME INCLUDE CLOUDS, PRECIPITATION, WIND, TEMP AND AIR PRESSURE CLIMATE : AVERAGE YEARLY WEATHER OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME

gareth-giles
Télécharger la présentation

THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. earth science ch. 15 • THE ATMOSPHERE: LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH • WEATHER: CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME • INCLUDE CLOUDS, PRECIPITATION, WIND, TEMP AND AIR PRESSURE • CLIMATE: AVERAGE YEARLY WEATHER OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME • COMPOSITION INCLUDES 4 MAJOR GASES, TRACE GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 1. NITROGEN (N2): 78 % OF AIR, INERT GAS • NEEDED BY LIVING THINGS TO MAKE CELL PROTEINS • GAS NITROGEN CONVERTED TO SOLID NITRATES BY BACTERIA • NITRATES USED BY PLANTS TO MAKE CELLS • ANIMALS MUST EAT PLANTS OR ANIMALS WHICH EAT PLANTS TO GET IT

  2. 2. OXYGEN (O2): 21% OF AIR, NEEDED BY LIFE TO RELEASE ENERGY • MOST LIFE TAKE OXYGEN DIRECTLY FROM AIR • OXIDATION: COMBINATION OF FOOD, OXYGEN, RELEASES ENERGY,CARBON DIOXIDE • OZONE (O3): FORMED BY POLLUTION, LIGHTENING NEAR SURFACE • 3. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2): ABOUT 0.04% OF AIR: VERY HEAVY, INERT GAS • RAW MATERIAL, WITH WATER (H2O) USED BY PLANTS TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PROCESS IN WHICH PLANTS MAKE FOOD • PLANTS USE CHLOROPHYLL, SUNLIGHT, H2O AND CO2  TO GLUCOSE • PLANTS BECOME BASE OF THE FOODPYRAMID: NEEDED BY COMSUMERS • CO2TRAPS HEAT, IS CONSIDERED A GREENHOUSE GAS

  3. 4. ARGON AND TRACE GASES MAKE UP  ABOUT 1% • ARGON INERT, USED IN INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS • INERT: DESCRIBES GASES WHICH DO NOT REACT (CHANGE) WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES • 5. WATERVAPOR: INVISIBLE, GAS FORM OF WATER • RELATIVEHUMIDITY: PERCENT OF MOISTURE IN AIR AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE • PERCENTAGE VARIES GREATLY WITH AIR, MAXIMUM IS 100% • ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE DIRECTLY AFFECTS CLOUD FORMATION, PRECIPITATION   • WATER CONDENSES WHEN TEMP COOLS AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY REACHES 100% • CLOUDS, FOG, DEW ARE ACTUALLY TINY WATER DROPLETS OR EVEN ICE CRYSTALS

  4. AIR PRESSURE:  WEIGHT OF A COLUMN OF AIR PUSHING DOWN • DENSITY: THE AMOUNT OF MATTER (MASS) IN A GIVEN SPACE (VOLUME) • DEFINED BY THE  EQUATION (MASS ÷VOLUME)  • MASS: AMOUNT OF MATTER AND OBJECT HAS, MEASURED IN GRAMS • WEIGHT: MEASURE OF FORCE, NOT THE SAME AS MASS • VOLUME:3 DIMENSIONAL SPACE MEASURED IN LITERS • PRESSURE: THE FORCE (A PUSH OR PULL) PUSHING DOWN ON A SURFACE • DEFINED BY THE EQUATION (FORCE ÷ AREA) • DENSER OBJECTS PUSH MORE (MORE FORCE), HAVE MORE PRESSURE • MOIST AIR, WARM AIR IS LESS DENSE & LIGHTER (LOWER PRESSURE) • MORE PRESSURE LOWER IN THE ATMOSPHERE (MORE AIR)

  5. FACTORS THAT CHANGE AIR PRESSURE • ALTITUDE: HIGHER ALTITUDES HAVE LESS PRESSURE • LESS AIR “MATTER” OVERHEAD AT HIGHER ALTITUDES • EARTH’S CURVE ALSO REDUCES PRESSURE AT HIGH ALTITUDES • LESS AIR (LESS DENSE), LESS AIR OVERHEAD, LESS PRESSURE  • AIR PRESSURE GREATER AT OR BELOW SEA LEVEL (MORE AIR, DENSER) • MOIST AIR IS LIGHTER: WATER (H2O) HAS HYDROGEN (LIGHTEST ELEMENT) • WARM AIR IS LIGHTER:  HAS MORE VOLUME, IS LESSDENSE, RISES • RAPIDLY CHANGING AIR PRESSURE INDICATES POTENTIAL WEATHER • RISING PRESSURES INDICATE COOLER TEMPERATURES CLEARING SKIES • QUICKLY FALLING OR LOW PRESSURES INDICATE WARM, MOIST WEATHER

  6. BAROMETERS: DEVICES WHICH MEASURE AIR PRESSURE (invented in 1643) • MERCURY BAROMETER:GLASS TUBE WITH LIQUID-METAL MERCURY • AIR PUSHES ON OPEN ENDED TUBE, MERCURY MOVES UP, DOWN • INVENTED BY EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI IN MID-1600’s • “INCHES (in)  OF MERCURY” ORIGINAL UNITS FOR PRESSURE • 29.92 INCHES OF MERCURY AVERAGE PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL • ANEROID BAROMETER: MODERN, USES A SEALED METAL CHAMBER • CHAMBER CHANGES SHAPE AS PRESSURE CHANGES • ATTACHED NEEDLE INDICATES PRESSURE • USES MODERN “MILLIBARS”(mb), A UNIT OF PRESSURE • 1013 mb AVERAGE PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL

  7. THE FIVE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE: MARKED BY TEMPERATURES 1. TROPOSHERE: LOWEST, THICKEST AIR, ONLY ONE WITH WEATHER • RECEIVES WARMTH FROM GROUND, GETS COOLER WITH ALTITUDE • CONTAINS ABOUT 75% OF ALL AIR (NEEDED FOR WEATHER) • HAS ALL WEATHER, CLOUDS, PRECIPATION, NEEDED OXYGEN 2. STRATOSPHERE: 2ND LAYER, 2ND THICKEST, HAS VERY STONG WINDS • TEMP GETS HOTTER WITH ALTITUDE, HAS HIGH SPEED JET STREAM • OZONE (O3) LAYER HEATS TOP OF STRATOSPHERE • HOTOZONELAYER ABSORBS DANGEROUS ULTRAVIOLETRADIATION • AIR POLLUTION CAN FORM SEASONAL HOLES IN OZONE LAYER

  8. 3. MESOSPHERE: 3RD LAYER, LITTLE AIR, GETS COLDER WITH ALTITUDE 4. THERMOSPHERE: GETS WARMER WITH ALTITUDE, GOES TO 100 km • CONTAINS IONOSPHERE WITH CHARGED PARTICLES OF 1,800° C • IONOSPHERE: HOT BECAUSE IT ABSORBS HIGH ENERGY SOLAR RADIATION • ITS HIGH ENERGY REFLECTS SHORT WAVE RADIO SIGNALS AROUND WORLD • THE SOURCE OF THE AURORA BOREALIS (NORTHERN LIGHTS) 5. EXOSPHERE: GETS COLDER WITH ALTITUDE, BOUNDARY WITH EMPTY SPACE • SATELLITES ORBIT IN EXOSPHERE: HIGHER ORBITS MAINTAINED LONGER • ALMOST NO GAS MOLECULES PRESENT

  9. photos cited... http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/tour_images/atmosphere.gif http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/pictures/pinatubo/atmosphere%20after.jpg http://mac01.eps.pitt.edu/harbbook/c_vii/images/s79h5355thumb.jpg http://www.netjeff.com/gallery_storage/MyFavorites/clouds.jpg http://www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Clouds%20lightly.jpg http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/cascade.GIF http://lep694.gsfc.nasa.gov/lepedu/siteimg/atmosphere.jpg http://webusers.astro.umn.edu/~john/Ast1001/air/atmos-compos.jpg http://www.exoticfruit.com.au/images/WeeklyPhotos/11%20Jul%2004%20-%20Rainforest%20Stream.JPG http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/posters/images/bc_03_03_e.gif http://www.stevetrash.com/booking/lessons/lesart/fcreview.gif http://www.explorelearning.com/ELContent/gizmos/ELScience_Deliverable/ExplorationGuides/images/EL_MSLS_FoodChain1.gif http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/SDPS/Atom.Nitrogen.GIF http://www.epa.gov/maia/images/nitro.jpg http://www.joe-ks.com/archives_sep2003/NoOxygen.jpg http://www.rkm.com.au/imagelibrary/thumbnails/carbon-dioxide-b-150.jpg http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/noaa/noaa.gif http://www.agr.state.nc.us/cyber/kidswrld/plant/Fertbag.GIF http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/irrigation-photosynthesis.gif http://www.enchantedlearning.com/cgifs/clouds.GIF http://images.google.com/url?q=http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/weather/adptcty/airprssr.html http://okfirst.ocs.ou.edu/train/meteorology/graphics/TvsP.gif http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/air_pressure/all_around.GIF http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxobs/pressure/pres-fig2e.jpg http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/e/jea4/earth/air%20pressure.jpeg http://homepage.mac.com/patholleran/ParkVision/Olympic/O-47.jpg http://www.ppa.com/images/cruise5.jpg http://www.medianet-pix.com/desert/aGENCE-desert-moley.jpg http://www.bartleby.com/images/A4images/A4aneroi.jpg http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter9/graphics/g_aner_bar.gif http://www.venhaus1.com/frameninefinal.jpg http://www.btinternet.com/~ndesprez/images/gallery/aurora_borealis.jpg http://www.medfordclock.com/bulb1.jpg http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Media_Assets/Chapter09/Text_Images/FG09_03.JPG www.kidsgeo.com/images/atmosphere-temperature.jpg http://www.terrapsych.com/atmosph.jpg http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/barometerTori.jpg

More Related