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EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. Origins of the Atmosphere. Boom. Our atmosphere was created by gases that vented from erupting volcanoes. Outgassing There were three main gasses emitted: Water Vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen. Now the atmosphere is mainly…. If your not sure look at your….. ESRT

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EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

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  1. EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

  2. Origins of the Atmosphere • Boom. • Our atmosphere was created by gases that vented from erupting volcanoes. • Outgassing • There were three main gasses emitted: • Water Vapor • Carbon dioxide • Nitrogen

  3. Now the atmosphere is mainly…. • If your not sure look at your….. • ESRT • Nitrogen • Oxygen • How did this occur? • Plant life began to grow so they converted carbon dioxide to oxygen • Photosynthesis

  4. The Structure of the Atmopshere • The atmosphere is broken into four layers: • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • The layers in between the spheres are called: • -pauses

  5. Changes in Air Temperature • There are two cycles that control our weather: • The daily weather cycle • The season weather cycle

  6. Daily Weather Cycle • Morning----------- • 2pm---------------- • 6pm----------------

  7. MARCH 21-23 JUNE 21-23 SEPTEMBER 21-23 DECEMBER 21-23 Seasonal Cycle

  8. What Causes Air Pressure? • Air Pressure: is the weight of the atmosphere • Proof: Weigh a flat basketball compared to a basketball filled with air. • At sea-level, the air pressure is nearly 15 lbs per square inch, or 1013.2 mb. • Millibars: the metric unit of atmospheric pressure.

  9. STRAW PROOF AIR GOES OUT OF THE STRAW SO PRESSURE DECREASES Less pressure means that the liquid has nothing holding it back so it moves up the straw

  10. Factors that Affect Atmospheric Pressure • Altitude • As air rises it expands and there is less gravity pushing down on it. • More elevation = less air pressure • Indirect relationship Air Pressure Altitude (elevation)

  11. Factors (cont) • Temperature: • If air is cooled it comes together and becomes more dense • More dense air makes it heavier so there is more air pressure • If air is heated it’s molecules expand and it becomes less dense • Less dense air makes it lighter so there is less air pressure Air Pressure Temperature

  12. Factors (cont) • Humidity • Is the amount of water vapor in the air • Humid air is less dense than dry air • The mass of water is less than the mass of nitrogen • The atmosphere is made up of primarily which gas…. • Nitrogen • More humidity = less air pressure Air Pressure Humidity

  13. Measuring Air Pressure • ometer: • Instrument that measures air pressure. • Use to use mercury as a liquid in it to gauge the air pressure (like a thermometer) so that is how we got the unit inches of mercury. • In. of Hg • We also use millibars to measure air pressure Bar

  14. What Causes Wind? • Wind is the natural movement of air along, parallel to, Earth’s surface. • These are the result of uneven heating of Earth’s surface. Cool Air Warm Air Higher Pressure Lower Pressure More Dense Less Dense WIND ALWAYS BLOWS FROM AREAS OF HIGHER PRESSURE TO LOWER PRESSURE!!!!!

  15. Wind blows fastest where the gradient in air pressure is the greatest.

  16. LAND AND SEA BREEZES Sea Breeze A breeze that occurs during the day as there is high pressure (cooler temps) over the water and lower pressure (warmer temps) over the land.

  17. LAND AND SEA BREEZES Land Breeze A breeze that occurs at night when there is high pressure (cooler temps) over the land and lower pressure (warmer temps) over the water.

  18. How Do Clouds Form? Dry Bulb Temperature line • Cloud: a collection of billions of tiny droplets or ice crystals (condensation nuclei) suspended in the atmosphere. • They form when the air is cooled to the dew point temperature. • This occurs because as air rises into the atmosphere the air is cooled and it expands. Dry Bulb Temperature line

  19. Coriolis Effect • The Earth rotates, and because of this, the winds of the Earth curve. • Rather than blowing from the Poles to Equator… • In the Northern Hemisphere they curve to the right of their original path. • In the Southern Hemisphere they curve to the left of their original path. • This curvature is called the Coriolis Effect.

  20. Coriolis Effect (cont) • High Pressure Area: • winds move clockwise • Low Pressure Area: • winds move counterclockwise

  21. Dew Point • When the humidity of the air cools to a certain point, you see water in some form. • This temperature in which we see water is what we call the dew point. • The dew point comes mostly when the greatest change in temperature occurs which is….. • (Think the daily weather cycle) • The morning

  22. How to Find the Dew Point • Using a sling psychrometer you: • Record the dry bulb reading • Record the difference between the dry bulb and the wet bulb (wet bulb will always be less) • Go to your ESRT and match up those two numbers to find the Dew Point

  23. Dry Bulb: 22°C Wet Bulb:20°C Diff: 2°C Dew Point: 19°C

  24. Relative Humidity • The percentage of humidity in the air is called the relative humidity. • We use a sling psychrometer to find this as well. • You also use the same procedure to find the relative humidity.

  25. Pressure Systems • High Pressure System: • Married to Uncle Cyclone…… • Anticyclone • Highs are zones of divergence. • When sinking air at the center causes the winds to blow outward. • These bring cool and dry air with clear skies and stable conditions.

  26. High Pressure System

  27. Low Pressure System • Low Pressure System: • Cyclone • Lows are zones of convergence. • When rising air at the center causes the winds to blow inward. • These bring warm and moist air with cloudy skies and unstable conditions.

  28. Low Pressure System

  29. Insolation • IN coming • SOL ar • Radi ATION • Definition: the sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth.

  30. How Does Heat Energy Travel? • Heat is a form of energy because it can do work. • There are three ways that heat can travel • Convection • Conduction • Radiation

  31. Convection • Convection is the transfer of heat flow in a fluid or a gas. • Caused by a difference in density. • This creates winds.

  32. Conduction • Conduction: the form of heat flow in solids that occurs when a hot substance touches a cooler substance. • Ex. Metal handle of a pot on the stove. Convection Conduction

  33. Radiation • Radiation is the flow of energy as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light. • Heat waves, that you feel but cannot see are also forms of radiation. • Radiation does not need a medium to travel through.

  34. Electromagnetic Spectrum

  35. REVIEW GAME!!!! • In your groups, the person with the board will: • Look at the picture on the board • Buzz in when they have written down the correct transfer of energy • If it is correct your group gets a point • If you buzz in and it is incorrect, you group loses a point • If there is any calling out, that group loses a point

  36. Convection

  37. Conduction

  38. Radiation

  39. Convection

  40. Conduction

  41. Radiation

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