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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. CHINA Stressed Isolationism and a contemplative life Privileged class participated in wrestling, boxing and Kung Fu as early as 2698 B.C. INDIA Governed by religious beliefs that stressed inner peace over physical activity. EGYPTIANS

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 • CHINA • Stressed Isolationism and a contemplative life • Privileged class participated in wrestling, boxing and Kung Fu as early as 2698 B.C. • INDIA • Governed by religious beliefs that stressed inner peace over physical activity.

  2. EGYPTIANS • Raised in a militaristic society and therefore saw the importance of physical fitness • Fitness for everyone, not just the ruling class • ROMANS • Stressed physical training to allow rulers to gain more land and riches • Over time, professionalism was stressed and more people became spectators instead of participants

  3. GREECE • Athens – Physical education experienced a “Golden Age”. Exemplified the mind-body spirit • Spartans – Very Militaristic • “Come home with your shield or on it”

  4. Greek Physicians • Herodicus (480 BC) Nutrition • Hippocrates ( 460 – 377 BC) “First do no harm” • Galen (131 – 201 AD) – • First Sports Medicine Physician • Dissection and Rehab • Galen’s work inspired other physicians • Held Olympics from 776 B.C. – 394 A.D.

  5. Fall of the Roman Empire in A.D.476 used in a period of 1,000 years known as the Dark Ages; in which physical activity sport and fitness diminished because of political and economic chaos

  6. RENAISSANCE • Renewed interest in learning, doing, recreation and fitness. Also renewed interest in expanding and exploring • A MORE MODERN TIME • YMCA began in England in 1844 and was devoted to character and physical education

  7. 1844-1884 • In1866 first legislation passed in California requiring physical ed. In the schools • 1875 Intercollegiate Association was formed

  8. Intercollegiate Conference 1895 • Faculty Representatives formed (eventually became the Big 10 Conference) • What happened to make sports standardized or institutionalized? • Rules became standard • Bodies are formed to enforce rules • Standards of competition are set • Sport is promoted for participants as well as spectators • Championships are formed

  9. Chapter 2 • Emerging Profession • 1885-1930

  10. Birth of a Profession • Gymnasium was the center of ancient Greek education and culture • Fall of the Roman Empire in A.D.476 used in a period of 1,000 years known as the Dark Ages; in which physical activity sport and fitness diminished because of political and economic chaos

  11. Battle of the Systems • Period of 1885-1900: marked competition among several approaches of what was called “gymnastics” • Marked a period when immigrants brought their own approaches and loyalties

  12. German System (Fredrick Jahn) • Balanced academics with physical education • Developed Turnplatz • Strict gymnastic programs but did incorporate track and field event • Important student leaders: Beck,Follen,and Leiber

  13. Swedish System Henrick Ling • Interest in anatomy and physiology • Scientific-Therapeutic • An understudy(Nissen) furthered the system by befriending Mary Hemenway • Father of Physical Therapy

  14. Beecher System • System developed for women • Developed grace and fitness • Incorporated music in the workouts

  15. Dio Lewis System • Used components from German, Sweeden and Beecher • Use of music-incorporated flexibility • Focused on the value of wt. training • Published the first journal in P.E.Gymnastic Monthly and Journal of Physical Culture

  16. Hitchcock System ( 1861) • Scientific emphasis, based on measurement • System was designed around a battery of test • Ladders,weights, jumping rope and climbing

  17. Sargent System-Teacher Based • Also based on measurements but used them for exercise prescription • Designed exercise machines to enhance various physical characteristics

  18. The Boston Conference 1889 • Battle of the systems-hosted by Mary Hemenway • Gave credibility to the field of Physical Education • The American System was created • Sport was not a major topic of this conference

  19. Important Leaders • Luther Gulick-Helped form the Playground Association of America • Rosiland Cassidy- Worked with Kinesiology • Delphine Hanna-developed the nations first teacher-preparation program in p.e.

  20. Cont. • Edward Thorndike-Psychologist; believed children were not just small adults • John Dewey-Education leader who supported Heatherington’s theories • FORMALIZATION WAS OUT-Natural play was in

  21. Leaders of the 1900’s • Thomas Wood-Education through the physical • Organic, Psychomotor, Social Development, and Mental Development • Placed more emphasis on games and game skills-Natural Gymnastics

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