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Comprehensive Overview of the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Components

This guide provides detailed insights into the organization of the Nervous System (NS), including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It covers the roles of sensory and motor neurons in gathering information and responding to stimuli, emphasizing the importance of maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, it explores the various types of cells in the NS, including neuronal and non-neuronal (glial) cells, and their functions in supporting neural activity, protecting the brain, and promoting efficient signal transmission.

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Comprehensive Overview of the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Components

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology Nervous System Notes

  2. Organization of the NS • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • 31 pairs of spinal nerves • 12 cranial nerves

  3. Functions of the NS • Sensory • gathers info about changes occurring within and around the body - Sensory receptors, at ends of peripheral nerves send signals (nerve impulses) to the CNS. Sensory Neuron • Motor • responses to signals (impulses). Signals sent from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands). The goal is usually to maintain stable conditions (especially internal) – Homeostasis. Motor neurons. • Somatic Nervous System (voluntary skelteal muscles) • Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary smooth muscles; glands) • Integrative / Association • information is “brought together,” interpreted, to create sensations, create thoughts, add to memory, make decisions, etc. Association neuron or interneuron

  4. Cells of the NS • Neuronal • Neurons (pictured here) • Conduct action potentials(nerve impulses) • Non-Neuronal (Neuroglial/Glial Cells) • Supportive Cells • Astrocytes • Ependymal Cells • Microglial Cells

  5. Glial Cells 1. Astrocytes - Forms tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries to form Blood-Brain-Barrier BBB: - Exchange sight for -Nutrients -Wastes - Ultimate protection layer around brain & spinal cord

  6. Glial Cells 2. Ependymal Cells - secrete Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain

  7. Glial Cells 3. Microglial Cells - Phagocytic (engulf/eat) in response to inflammation -Necrotic (dead) tissue -Bacteria -Foreign substances

  8. Glial Cells 4. Oligodendrocyte - form the myelin sheath in CNS Myelin Sheath: - Insulates neurons, speeding up the rate of the action potential - Involved in many neurodegenerative problems: - MS (multiple sclerosis) - ALD (adrenoleukodystrophy) - ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

  9. The Neuron • Dendrites • Cell Body • Axon • Myelin Sheath • Presynaptic Knobs • Direction of Nerve Impulse

  10. The Synapse • -Pre & Post synaptic membranes • -Synaptic Cleft • -Synaptic Vesicles • -Neurotransmitters • (Ex: acetylcholine, nor-epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

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