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Chapter 28: A Period of Turmoil and Change. Burgess/Hornbeck . Chapter 28, Section 1. Demands for Civil Rights. Setting the Scene. August, 1945- G.M of Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, wanted to challenge the rule in MLB that required blacks to play in a separate league.
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Chapter 28: A Period of Turmoil and Change Burgess/Hornbeck
Chapter 28, Section 1 Demands for Civil Rights
Setting the Scene • August, 1945- G.M of Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, wanted to challenge the rule in MLB that required blacks to play in a separate league. • Rickey called upon Jackie Robinson to be the first African American in MLB. • He wanted Robinson to ignore insults that would be thrown at him. • “I want a ball player with guts enough not to fight back.”
Setting the Scene Cont… • 1947- Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. • First African American to play in major leagues. • Rookie of the Year in 1947. • 1949- League MVP.
Rise of African American Influence • African Americans were moving from rural to urban areas in large numbers. • Emergence of AA doctors and lawyers who gained influence and became leaders of the community. • FDR: number of AA’s in federal jobs increased significantly. • WWII: led to a rise in AA population in the North. • New ideology for many people.
Rise of African American Influence Cont… • Rise of NAACP: (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) • Challenged segregation laws • Tried to overturn 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case • Legal team was greatest asset • Thurgood Marshall aka “Mr. Civil Rights” • Oliver Hill: higher pay and better educations for AA teachers and students.
Brown v. Board of Education • 1951: Oliver Brown sued Topeka, Kansas Board of Ed. to allow his daughter to attend an all white school. • Case reached the Supreme Court. • Thurgood Marshall argued on Brown’s behalf • May 17, 1954: Supreme Court ruled (unanimously) “separate but equal” was unconstitutional and could not be applied to public school. • 1955: ALL schools should move to desegregate.
Reaction to Brown vs. Board of Ed. • Mixed reaction • AA’s were pumped up! • Many whites accepted the decision • Ike, privately disagreed, vowed to obey Supreme Court’s ruling. • Southern whites were scared and angry. • Resisted desegregation • Ku Klux Klan became more active • Southern Manifesto was created by Deep South Congress people.
Montgomery Bus Boycott • December, 1955: • Rosa Parks sat in the front of the “colored” section of the bus. • AA’s were expected to give up seat to whites if there were not seats available in the “white” section of the bus. • Parks refused • Police arrested her and ordered her to stand trial for violation of segregation laws.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, Cont… • Civil rights leaders then organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott • AA’s refused to ride the entire bus system until bus company changed their policy of segregation. • MLK Jr, became the spokesman for the protest. • Over the next year, 50,000 AA’s walked, rode bikes, and car pooled to avoid the bus. • 1956, Supreme Court ruled bus segregation was unconstitutional.
Resistance in Little Rock • Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, refused to follow Supreme Court’s ruling. • Placed National Guardsmen at Central High School. • Told to NOT let the 9 AA students into the school. • Ike sent soldiers to protect the students. • Students were then allowed to attend school at Central. • Response by Faubus: “Lost year in Little Rock.: • Faubus named “Most admired men of 1958.” • Sign of the times.
Chapter 28, Section 2 Leaders and Strategies
Setting the Scene More young people were becoming active in Civil Rights Movement. Organization and Strong Commitment were required in order to make an impact.
Groundwork • Civil rights movement was a grass roots effort. Many organizations played a role in gaining equal rights. • NAACP: created in 1909 as an interracial orgz. • Appealed to educated, middle and upper class people. • Challenged laws that prevented AA’s from exercising full rights. • 1930’s: Passed anti-lynching laws • 1930’s Challenged housing and education segregation.
Groundwork Cont…. • National Urban League • Founded in 1911 • Help AA’s moving out of the South into big cities in the North. • Also helped find jobs and homes! • Offer job opportunities and advancement to AA’s.
Groundwork Cont… • CORE: • Congress of Racial Equality • Bring about change through peaceful confrontation. • Interracial • Organized demonstrations in Chicago and Detroit • Eventually became a national organization.
Nonviolence • SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Preached nonviolent protest • Shifted focus of civil rights movement to the South. • MLK Jr. became known nationally through SCLC.
Nonviolence Cont… • Martin Luther King Jr. • Baptist preacher • One of the most loved, admired, and hated figures during civil rights movement. • Influenced by Gandhi • Must remain non-violent regardless of violent reactions . • Most known and prominent civil rights leader. • Earned Nobel peace prize in 1964.
New Voice for Students • “To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor.” -Martin Luther King, Jr.
New Voice for Students Cont… • Formation of SNCC (snick) • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee • 1960, Raleigh, N.C. • Felt NAACP and SCLC were not meeting demands of young AA’s. • Eventually, became a major outlet for young people, both AA’s and whites. • Civil rights movement focus shifted from church’s to young activists.
New Voice for Students Cont… • Robert Moses • SNCC’s most influential leader • Harvard Grad. And math teacher in Harlem, NY • Very soft-spoken • Loved and trusted because of his humble nature. • Wanted to help SNCC • Went to Mississippi to teach rural blacks how to vote.
28.3 The Struggle Intensifies
Sit-Ins Challenge Segregations • 1943- CORE created the sit-in. • Sit at the location where service was refused and refuse to move. • Used throughout the 1960’s as a popular form of protest. • Forced businesses to serve protestors or cause a disruption. • MLK Jr. “Arrest is a badge of honor.”
Freedom Rides • Boynton v. Virginia (1960)- bus station waiting rooms and restaurants could NOT be segregated. • 1961- CORE organized the Freedom Rides • Test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling.
Freedom Rides Cont… • Violence and Freedom Rides: • May 4, 1961- First freedom ride leaves Washington D.C. • 13 riders, black and white, headed south on two busses • Busses split and ride became dangerous. • Alabama- armed white mob set the bus on fire and beat the freedom riders. • RFK sent federal marshals to aid the protestors. • RFK pushed ICC to desegregate ALL trains, planes, and busses.
Integration at Ole Miss • James Meredith • Student at Jackson State College wanted to transfer to Ole’ Miss…..an all white school. • He was rejected, NAACP filed suit. • Supreme Court ruled in Meredith’s favor. • Miss. Gov. Ross Barnett refused to let Meredith attend school. • JFK sent federal marshals in to accompany Meredith to class. • Violence then erupted on campus.
Clash in Birmingham • April, 1963, MLK visits Birmingham, AL. • “Most segregated city in America.” – MLK • Called for boycotts and sit-ins of segregated stores and restaurants. • City officials arrested MLK Jr. on grounds of “not obtaining a permit.” • MLK Jr. was in jail for a week, upon release asked for young people to join the protest. • More violence erupted.
Clash in Birmingham Cont… • TV cameras brought the violence into people’s living rooms. • Most were appalled. • Protestors sprayed with fire hoses, attacked by dogs and beaten by police. • Outcome: Protestors were victorious. • City was desegregated and fair hiring practices were implemented.
