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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Introduction. Once matured there are _____ bones in the human body; half of which are in the _____ . Skeleton is divided into the _____ (head, neck, ribs, and vertebal column) and the _______ (shoulder, arms, hips, and legs) regions. 30% of bone is composed of ________.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System

  2. Introduction • Once matured there are _____ bones in the human body; half of which are in the _____ . • Skeleton is divided into the _____ (head, neck, ribs, and vertebal column) and the _______ (shoulder, arms, hips, and legs) regions. • 30% of bone is composed of ________. • A bone cell is called an _____ • 45% of bone is mineral (_____ and ______) • 25% of bone is _____. • Bone is extremely strong, especially when it’s in the shape of a _____, such as the thigh bone (femur).

  3. Bone Function • Support and protection • Body movement • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) • Begins in the _______ • Red bone marrow later in life functions in the productions of ____, ______, and _______. • Primarily found in the spongy bone of the adult ___, _____, ______, ______, _____, and ______ • Yellow bone marrow only stores fat but can become red if needed • Storage of Inorganic Salts: primarily calcium and phosphorus

  4. Flat bones Examples: scapula, facial bones, ribs Short bones Examples: carpals of the wrist, and tarsals of the ankles Irregular bones Example: vertebral bones Long bones Examples: femur radius, ulna, tibia, fibula 4 Types of bones

  5. Anatomy of a long bone • Epiphysis- • Articular cartilage- • Diaphysis- • Periosteum- • Compact bone- • Spongy bone- • Medullary cavity-

  6. Bones form by replacing connective tissue in either of two ways _______ bones originate between sheets of connective tissue (ie. The flat bones of the skull) _______ bones begin as masses of cartilage that bone tissue later replaces. (figure 7.5 p. 129) Most bones of the skeleton are endochondral bones. Develop from ____ cartilage model _______ are bone building cells _________ tear bone down Remodeling occurs from the center of the diaphysis out. Epiphyseal plate is a cartilagenous region at the end of long bone that allows for the bone to lengthen. Bone Development & Growth

  7. Axial Skeleton Skull: cranium and facial bones Hyoid bone: located in the neck; supports the tongue and muscles involved in swallowing Vertebral column Thoracic cage: ribs and sternum Appendicular skeleton Pectoral girdle: scapula and clavicle Upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges Pelvic girdle: coxae Lower limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges Skeletal organization

  8. Male vs. Female Skeletons • Skull: Female is smaller, lighter, rounder, and jaw is smaller. The mastoid process is less prominent than males • Pelvic girdle: Female coxae are lighter, thinner. The obturator foramina and acetabula are smaller and farther apart than male • Pelvic cavity: female is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel shaped.

  9. Shoulders: male’s shoulders are wider • Hand: Male’s index finger sometimes shorter than the third finger. • Eye orbits: male’s is more rectangular; female’s is round

  10. What do you think? • Is our skeleton a male or female? Write a paragraph answer this question. Give three reasons to support your answer.

  11. Fractures • A partial or complete break in the bone. • Classified as “open” or “closed” • Open or compound fracture: break in skin • Closed or simple fracture: skin is intact • Types of fractures • Greenstick • Transverse • Spiral • Oblique • compression

  12. Classes of Fractures

  13. Stages of Bone Repair (p. 131) • Formation of a “hematoma” • Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions. • Bony callus formation • Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original.

  14. The bones are articulated (connected) to other bones at the joints. There are 3 classes of joints Fibrous Thin layer of dense connective tissue, no movement, ie. Sutures of the skull Cartilaginous Made of hyaline cartilage, limited movement, ie. Vertebral disc, symphysis pubis Synovial joints Free moving Articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage and surrounded by joint capsule (ligaments, synovial fluid, synovial membrane), meniscus (cartilage ring), bursae (fluid filled sac) 6 classes: ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle How bones are joined

  15. Ball & socket Ball shaped head & cup shaped cavity (fossa) Free moving/ unstable Condyloid Oval –shaped condyle and elliptical cavity Does not allow for rotation metacarpals Gliding Nearly flat surfaces Glide and twist Carpals, tarsals, ribs Hinge Convex and concave surfaces Flexion and extension Elbow, knee Pivot Cylindrical axis and a ring of bone or ligaments Rotation Atlas/axis; proximal radial ulnar joint Saddle Opposable thumb Classes of synovial joints

  16. Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Pronation Supination circumduction Inversion Eversion Retraction Protraction Elevation Depression Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Hyperextension JOINT Range of Motion (ROM).

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