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Energy carriers

Energy carriers. Energy carriers in our daily lives. Biomass (food, fuel, fertilizer) Fossil fuels: oil (liquid), coal (solid), natural gas Heat (solar, geothermal) Electricity: through electric grid Electricity: through battery or fuel cell (chemical energy). Uses for specific carriers.

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Energy carriers

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  1. Energy carriers

  2. Energy carriers in our daily lives • Biomass (food, fuel, fertilizer) • Fossil fuels: oil (liquid), coal (solid), natural gas • Heat (solar, geothermal) • Electricity: through electric grid • Electricity: through battery or fuel cell (chemical energy)

  3. Uses for specific carriers Solar radiation, geothermal, burn biomass or any fossil fuel, dissipate electricity in a resistance => EVERYTHING • What can you use for heat? What can you use for transportation? Yourself (biomass), animals (biomass), oil (cars,buses, trains, planes), compressed or liquid natural gas (cars, buses, trains), coal (trains), electricity (grid transportation: bus, tram, train), electric unit (battery or fuel cell) => almost everything. Then why is oil the best transportation fuel ever? What can you use for light? Electricity, oil, gas, biomass What can you use for appliances? ELECTRICITY

  4. Important properties of energy carriers • Abundance • Availability • Cost (economic) • Rate of supply (renewable vs. fossil) • Energy density (MJ/kg) • Time-dependence of supply • Storage • Distribution • Production: centralized or distributed • Environmental impacts (local: pollution / global: climate)

  5. Why does energy matter? • Not everyone has enough energy (ACCESS) • Some energy supplies are uncertain (SECURITY) • Some energy sources are in finite global supply (SCARCITY) • Energy sources are not equally geographically distributed (DISTRIBUTION) • Some energy sources are intermittent (STORAGE) • Local environmental impacts from energy use (POLLUTION) • Environmental impacts from energy use are changing the earth's climate (GLOBAL CATASTROPHE)

  6. Energy densities • What do you estimate the density of different energy carriers to be? • For food: need ~ 2500 kcal/day • 1000 kcal ~ 4 MJ • so ~ 10 MJ per day. • How many kg of rice or pasta (carbohydrates) or cookies (carbohydrates + fat) do you need to eat per day? • 0.75 kg or rice or pasta: 15 MJ/kg or 360 kcal/100g • 0.5 kg of cookies: 20 MJ/kg or 500 kcal/100g

  7. Energy densities of selected carriers • Food dry weight: fat = 39.2 MJ/kg protein = carbohydrates = 17.2 MJ/kg (reason why food labels are in weight, not calories) • Biomass: 10 MJ/kg (green wood) => 20 MJ/kg (sugar cane bagasse, cotton hulls, oven-dried wood) • Coal: 17 MJ/kg (lignite) => 31.4 MJ/kg (anthracite) • Oil: 42 MJ/kg (crude) => 46 MJ/kg (kerosene) • Methane: 55.5 MJ/kg • Hydrogen: 142 MJ/kg • Uranium in light water reactor: 443'000 - 3'456'000 (enriched 3.5%) MJ/kg

  8. food biomass

  9. food biomass

  10. 2000 Watt society Sources: USA Energy Information Agency Annual Energy Review 2005 , USA Census Measuring America (2002)

  11. Sources: USA Energy Information Agency Annual Energy Review 2006 , USA Census Measuring America (2002)

  12. Sources: USA Energy Information Agency Annual Energy Review 2006 , USA Census Measuring America (2002)

  13. Austria Domestic Energy Consumption 1830-1995 Includes food biomass Source: Krausmann 2002

  14. Comparison of per capita DEC in the UK and Austria 1830-2000 Source: Krausmann 2007 Includes food biomass

  15. Fossil Abundance

  16. Abundance, but for how long? • Calculate R/P = Reserves / Production • Result is years left if nothing changes (no new discoveries, no change in production rates) • In 1980, R/P for oil 30 years, gas 60 years • In 2007, R/P for oil 40 years, gas 60 years (???) • For coal: 2007 R/P is 145 years, down from 180 in 2004 • Total fossil R/P in 2007 is 80 years, down from 90 in 2004

  17. OIL

  18. Abundance, access, distribution: OIL Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008

  19. Peak Oil? Zittel, Schindler et al 2004: (non-OPEC countries) Prediction of Marion King Hubbert, 1956 Hubbert's peak

  20. Proven reserves: no peak oil. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008 Reasons for increase: extraction/prospection improvements? inflation of reported reserves for OPEC quotas ? or to avert economic loss of confidence?

  21. Source: EIA 2007 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilprice.htmlCPI from http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty/sahr/sahr.htm Own calculation

  22. Crude oil prices, constant $

  23. Any reasons for fluctuations? Source http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm

  24. More recent prices: light crude futures This week Source: 2008 http://futures.tradingcharts.com/

  25. World-wide oil trade Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004

  26. Transportation of oil: ship, pipeline, truck Kazakhstan, source USA Energy Information Agency 2004-2005

  27. Eurasia and pipelines Source USA EIA 2004-2005

  28. Pipelines, continued Source USA CIA 2003 (via EIA)

  29. Geopolitics and pipelines: blue stream Source: Radio Free Europe Free Liberty

  30. Coal

  31. “Down the mine” by Orwell (1937) “ Our civilization, pace Chesterton, is founded on coal, more completely than one realizes until one stops to think about it. The machines that keep us alive, and the machines that make machines, are all directly or indirectly dependent upon coal. In the metabolism of the Western world the coal-miner is second in importance only to the man who ploughs the soil. He is a sort of caryatid upon whose shoulders nearly everything that is not grimy is supported. For this reason the actual process by which coal is extracted is well worth watching, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble. “ “ There are still living a few very old women who in their youth have worked underground, with the harness round their waists, and a chain that passed between their legs, crawling on all fours and dragging tubs of coal. They used to go on doing this even when they were pregnant. And even now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it to and fro, I fancy we should let them do it rather than deprive ourselves of coal. “ Integral text online: http://www.george-orwell.org/Down_The_Mine/0.html

  32. King Coal Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007

  33. Lots of coal left: what does it mean? • Coal is currently mainly used for electricity generation (thermal power plants). • When oil runs out or becomes too expensive, coal can be transformed into a high energy density liquid through the process of "coal liquefaction" (already done by the Nazis and Apartheid South Africa). • Break-even costs for coal liquefaction? estimated at 30-60 $/barrel (currently above 60 $/barrel since mid-2005).

  34. Prediction difficulties Source: Nebojsa Nakicenovic, UNU, 1997

  35. Evolution of CO2/energy?

  36. Cumulative CO2 emissions

  37. Electricity and electricity mixes

  38. Uses: electricity

  39. Important properties of energy carriers • Abundance • Availability • Rate of supply (renewable vs. fossil) • Energy density (MJ/kg) • Time-dependence of supply • Storage • Distribution • Production: centralized or distributed • Environmental impacts (risk, pollution)

  40. Electricity: a final energy from many primary sources Hydraulic (via solar and atmospheric processes and water pressure turning mechanical turbines) Nuclear (via supernova nucleosynthesis and galactic processes, extraction, refining, controlled fission heating water and turning mechanical turbines) Wind (via via solar and atmospheric processes and air pressure turning mechanical turbines) Photovoltaic Solar (solar radiation via the photoelectric effect in high-tech Si chips) Fossil (Solar radiation, geothermal processes, time, extraction, refining, burning to heat water and turn mechanical turbines)

  41. Energy carrier properties for electricity Hydro good storage large river systems LOCAL Ecosystem disruption, methane

  42. CO2 emissions from electricity Source: EcoInvent Database

  43. What is in coal-generated electricity? • 110 times more Particulates per kWh compared to natural gas • 23 times more SO2 per kWh • 16 times more mercury per kWh (380 kg/yr for a 1000 MW plant) • radioactive trace elements Coal is 1-10 ppm Uranium, 2.5-25 ppm Thorium Uranium energy density in coal is 25% the energy density of coal! Sources: EcoInvent and A. Gabbard, ORNL

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